Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Chapter 2:The Molecules of the Cell• subunits and macromolecules• sugars and polysaccharides• fatty acids and lipids• amino acids and proteins• nucleotides and nucleic acids• interactions between macromoleculesReferences 4th ed: p. 50-64(3rd ed: p. 50-63)The four major families of organic molecules in the cellFormation of macromolecules by condensation reactionsSubunits are added to one end of a growing chain bydehydration synthesis.Reverse reaction: _________Formation of disaccharidesThe condensation of two monosaccharidesproduces one disaccharide.Fatty acidsA) structural formula ofa ________ fatty acidB) ball-and-stick modelC) space-filling modelFatty acids are stored as energy reserves (fats and oils)through an ester linkage to glycerol to form triacylglycerols.Triacylglycerolsglycerol fatty acidsFats(Triacylglycerols)Saturated fatty acids tend to form aggregates and deposits within the walls of blood vessels causing atherosclerosis of coronary blood vessels (coronary heart disease)Unsaturated fatty acids:• cis unsaturated fatty acids do not form solid aggregates• trans unsaturated fatty acids behave similar to saturated fatty acids = they tend to aggregate and form solid deposits Fatty acidsFatty acidsAlkenehydrogenationAlkaneincompleteAlkene stereoisomerOleic acid is a cis unsaturated fatty acid that comprises up to 80% of olive oil.Elaidic acid is a trans unsaturated fatty acid and a majortrans fat found in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.Both fatty acids are isomers of the same molecule.Fatty acidsPhospholipidsPhospholipids in biological membranesPhospholipidsPhospholipids in biological membranes typically contain one saturated and one unsaturated fatty acid:• saturated fatty acids make the membrane less fluid because they tend to aggregate• cis unsaturated fatty acids reduce membrane rigidity because they do not form solid aggregatesAmino acids________, one of the simplest amino acids.Amino acids-NH3+-COO-R group(-CH3)a-carbonIonized alanineA polypeptidePeptide bondsAdenosine triphosphate: a nucleotideATPNomenclature of nucleosides and nucleotidesRibonucleosidesGuanosineAdenosineCytidineUridineDeoxyribonucleosidesDeoxyguanosineDeoxyadenosineDeoxycytidineDeoxythymidineRibonucleosides orDeoxyribonucleosides+ phosphates = Nucleotidesadd:monophosphatediphosphatetriphosphateA nucleic acidThe use of ATP as an energy carrier in the cellA cyclic nucleotideCyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)The relative abundance of macromolecules in cellsPolymers: chains of monomeric subunitsPolysaccharides, polypeptides, and polynucleotides formfrom the covalent bonding of their monomeric subunits.The interaction between macromoleculesInteractions between macromolecules are mediated bynoncovalent bonds of compatible groups.The interaction between macromoleculesNoncovalent interactions between a protein and its bound ligand, in this example, cyclic AMPThe interactions of macromolecules in cells result in macromolecular complexesThe assembly of a