Lecture Notes, Gabriel Psych101 Section 3 Page 1LECTURE NOTES FOR SECTION 3 OF CLASS BEGIN HEREEmotionFour Components of EmotionThe Physiological ComponentThe Autonomic Nervous SystemPolygraph Tests as Lie Detectors• Assumes that lying leaves distinctive physiological clues• Empirical support is weak and conflicting• Test is inadmissible in most courts• It is illegal to use for most job screeningThe Expressive ComponentFacial EMG Studies of Emotion• Electrodes placed on the face record activity in various muscles• Positive emotions increase activity in cheeks• Negative emotions increase activity in forehead and brow areaThe Cognitive ComponentCounterfactual thinking• What could have been• Examined pictures of Olympic medal winners• Happier if won bronze than silverLecture Notes, Gabriel Psych101 Section 3 Page 2Theories of EmotionCannon-Bard Theory of Emotion• Emotion originates in the thalamus• “Body” (physiological systems) and “Mind” (emotional experience) are independently activated at the same timeJames-Lange Theory of Emotion• Emotion arises from physiological arousal– Happiness comes from smiling– Sadness comes from cryingSensory Feedback• Facial-Feedback Hypothesis– The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can produce corresponding changes in emotion.Facial Feedback• Strack• Hold Pencil in mouth while doing task• Mimic frowning or smiling• Measure moodMood After ManipulationTwo-factor Theory of Emotion• Physiological arousal– Sweaty palms– Increased heart rate– rapid breathing• Cognitive Label– Attribute source of arousal to a cause• To have an emotion, both factors are requiredDutton and Aron’s studyLecture Notes, Gabriel Psych101 Section 3 Page 3Four Components of EmotionEmotion - A state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action. Emotion and the brainHormones and Emotion• When experiencing an intense emotion, two hormones are released.– Epinephrine– Norepinephrine • Results in increased alertness and arousal.• At high levels, it can create the sensation of being out of control emotionally.Facial Expressions The same facial expressions of basic emotions are found across cultures and in totally blind and deaf childrenBasic Emotions • Fear• Anger• Disgust• Surprise• Happiness • Sadness• ContemptLecture Notes, Gabriel Psych101 Section 3 Page 4Culture and Emotional Variation• Culture determines what people feel angry, sad, lonely, happy, ashamed or disgusted about.• Some cultures don’t have words for emotions that seem universal to others.- Tahitian and sadness• Some cultures have words for specific emotions unknown to other cultures.Emotional Leakage• Much emotional meaning is communicated nonverbally. • Leakage refers to communicative incidents in which nonverbal signals betray the true content of contradictory verbal messagesEmotional LeakageFacial ExpressionsEmotional LeakageGaze• Look at interaction partner in face 70-75% of the time• Less conveys negative emotions• More conveys positive emotionsEmotional LeakageGesture• self-touching actions (e.g. touching face, gripping hands) indicate intense emotions: depression, elation, anxietyEmotional LeakageTouch• Affection, love• Fear• But also power and statusEmotion and Gender Overview • Physiology and intensity.• Sensitivity to other people’s emotions.• Cognitions.• Expressiveness.– Factors which affect expressiveness.• Emotion work.Lecture Notes, Gabriel Psych101 Section 3 Page 5Gender -- Physiology and intensity– Women recall emotional events more intensely and vividly than do men.– Men experience emotional events more intensely than do women.– Conflict is physiologically more upsetting for men than women.• Possible reasons for differences in physiology and intensity.• Males autonomic nervous system is more reactive than females.• Men are more likely to rehearse angry thoughts which maintains anger.• Women are more likely to ruminate which maintains depression.Gender –Sensitivity to Other People’s Emotions • Factors which influence one’s ability to “read” emotional signals:– The sex of the receiver.– How well the sender and receiver know each other.– How expressive the sender is.– Who has the power.– Stereotypes and expectations.Gender -- Cognitions • Men and women appear to differ in the types of every day events that provoke their anger.• Women become angry over issues related to their partners disregard.• Men become angry over damage to property or problems with strangers.• Gender -- Expressiveness • In North America women:– Smile more than men.– Gaze at listeners more.– Have more emotionally expressive faces.– Use more expressive body movements.– Touch others more.– Acknowledge weakness and emotions more.• Compare to women, men only express anger to strangers more.Gender -- Emotion Work. • Women work hard at appearing warm, happy and making sure others are happy.• Men work hard at persuading others they are stern, aggressive and unemotional.• Why?– Gender roles and status.HappinessLecture Notes, Gabriel Psych101 Section 3 Page 6Who is Happy?• Age– People think it will play a role but does not• No Gender differencesMarriage and HappinessWhy are married people happier?• Two way street• Marriage reduces loneliness• Only true for happy marriages– Unhappily married very unhappy• 3 out of 4 Americans – spouse is best friend• 4 in 5 would marry them againMood and CognitionMood and Cognition• Encoding and recall better for mood congruent information• Exp: mood induction, list of words, memory for words• Exp: depressed peopleMood Congruency Bias• Exp: given products to rate– ½ given cookies and juice– Rated products better• Exp: “All things considered, how happy are you with your life?”– ½ “found” money in Xerox machine– Rated self as happier in general Mood and use of Heuristics• Happy – all is good. Can coast• Sad – something wrong – must focus• Exp: mood induction (happy, sad, neutral)• Read about “Jim” got caught cheating• ½ given stereotype information “Jim is student athlete”Lecture Notes, Gabriel Psych101 Section 3 Page 7Mood and use of HeuristicsDevelopmental PsychologyThe Nature-Nurture DebateThe debate over the extent to