I Speech acts vs conversation more generally II Tannen conversational style and 8 levels of difference in crosscultural comm Strengths of this approach Risks in assessing personality cross culturally Limitations of this approach III Scollon and Scollon Anglo Athabaskan Origins of intergroup stereotypes Language vs discourse system as issue How would one improve icc Should one change one s way of talking How are identity and language related Strengths and limitations of this approach IV Exams returned next Tuesday possibly before V Office hours today end at 145 1 Intergroup difficulties and language Differences in discourse patterns not grammar Intergroup difficulties Tannen Scollon and Scollon and later Gumperz and Bailey 2 Tannen s main focus 3 Tannen when to talk what to say pacing pausing listenership intonation formulaicity indirectness cohesion and coherence 4 conversational rituals http www youtube com watch v 9lXLSL P8 ZQ 5 Formulaic expressions Give one example Ex Have a nice day 6 Judging Personality through Discourse Best NOT to judge personality and intentions WITHOUT knowing their baseline discourse conventions 7 Culture for Tannen 8 9 From this perspective where does discrimination come from and how does it get perpetuated 10 limitations to Tannen s model as a way of understanding intergroup difficulties 11 Scollon and Scollon Communicative sources of intergroup difficulties and stereotypes Specific Differences between Anglos and Athabaskans that struck you 12 Similar rich points between Anglos and Apaches Too often in real encounters with real AngloAmericans they have been prematurely hailed as friends or asked how they feel or rudely stared at or summarily bossed around or invasively slapped on the back Too often AngloAmericans have made Apaches feel small Portraits of the Whiteman Keith Basso 1979 71 72 13 Group based Perceptions based on discourse style https www youtube com watch v XaGMf4 T fpM Following Tannen Scollon and Scollon how would one explain what s going on in the video 14 Language and Stereotype Relationship between discourse patterns and ethnic stereotypes 15 Vicious cycle of discourse patterns and stereotypes These ethnic stereotypes are widely believed to be true because each encounter especially under stressful conditions tends to replicate the last and produces more deeply entrenched attitudes These stereotyped views are the result of very predictable factors relating to the cultural expectations of the two groups The two groups have very different views of the purposes of talking and how their goals should be accomplished through talk These different views are closely related to structural features of the discourse These features are the means by which we display the attitudes and expectations we have discussed here as the presentation of self Scollon and Scollon pp 269 270 16 Learning the language grammar vocab not enough we have not yet mentioned any factors that have to do with the grammatical or lexical structure of language directly The potential difficulties are the same whether the communication is carried on in English Athabaskan so called Village English or any combination of these In present day Alaska and Canada many people who do not speak any Athabaskan language have nevertheless learned Athabaskan disocurse patterns even though the language used may be English Scollon and Scollon 276 17 Should either group try to change their way of speaking Why why not What should one do 18 Discourse Patterns and Identity A speaker not only decides what another person is like on the basis of how he carries himself in discourse he also makes important decisions about what he himself is like from the same discourse We believe that discourse patterns are among the strongest expressions of personal and cultural identity To a great extent a person feels he is what he is because of the way he talks with others 285 19 Summary of our discussions of L and C until now 20 Discourse patterns stereotypes identity Discourse patterns Perception of others stereotypes Experiences of self identity 21 Strengths and Limitations 22 Sources of Stereotypes Scales Context s in ICC The multiple scales relevant for understanding icc interactional level sources Discourse patterns Misunderstand intention action Group stereotype Macro level sociohistorical sources Anglo American Native American relations spanning centuries 23 How to integrate interactional and sociohistorical scales 24 Role of Power in ICC 25 Discourse Essentialization and Stereotypes Differences in speaker s reactions are interpreted as evidence about personal qualities attitudes or social background Speakers are said to be unfriendly impertinent or specifically ethnic for instance never as simply linguistically mistaken Being stereotyped as a member of a stigmatized group is a context bound interactive process Gal S 2013 John Gumperz s Discourse Strategies JLA 23 3 115 126 123 26 In class Given recent readings lectures discussions about the role of talk in intercultural communication briefly describe a concrete situation where attention to discourse differences could help 27