LAB 1: ORIENTATION; BASIC UNITS AND CALCULATIONSThe purposes of this lab session are to acquaint you with (1) the general idea of laboratory science, (2) the various types of units used to measure length, mass, and volume, and (3) some basic conversions and calculations. Bring your calculator to every lab session.Higher Order Objective:- Students will be able to use the metric system to convert measurements between units and present numerical dataLower Order Objectives:- Know different units for measuring physical quantities, use lower and higher order conversions presentation- Convert between units of measurement in weight, length, and temperature- Solve problems using correct scientific notation- Appreciate errors associated with each measurement, and understand how to present these errors;- Differentiate between accuracy and precision in scientific measurementsA. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD:1) Make an observation2) Formulate a question about the observation3) Propose a hypothesis based on current facts4) Perform an experiment to test the hypothesis5) If many experiments support a hypothesis, then the hypothesis may become a theoryGo to the link below for details scientific method:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jj9iNphbY88B. UNITS OF MEASUREMENTCommon units of metric system measurement are given below, along with their English equivalents and conversion factors (don’t memorize the conversion factors!). Measurement Metric English Conversion length meter (m) inch (in) 1 in = 2.54 cm mass gram (g) pound (lb) 1 lb = 454 gounce (oz) 1 oz = 28.35 g volume liter (L) quart (qt) 1 qt = 0.946 L The entire scientific community utilizes the metric system, and we will use it exclusively in this course. You will also use it routinely in your future career, so you need to have a good working knowledge of the system. You should also be able to convert units between the metric and English systems and convert units within the metric system. Be sure you understand the material in Section 1.4 – Units and Unit Conversion (pp 20-26, 8th Ed, pp 18-23, 7th Ed) of your textbook. The units of the metric system will be easier to remember and understand if you relate them to the world around you. For instance, one liter is about one quart, one kilogram is about 2 pounds, 100 g is about 4 oz (a stick of butter), etc. The metric system has many advantages over the more complicated (and archaic) English system, the most obvious being that all units of a given measurement are related to each other by multiples of 10. This relationship is made by using prefixes in front of the basic units. Itis essential that you know and understand the metric units, their prefixes, and what these prefixes tell one about the size of the units (see table below).Commonly used prefixes of the metric systemPrefix Abbreviation Decimal Power of ten kilo k 1,000 103basic unit (none) 1.0 100deci d 0.1 10–1centi c 0.01 10–2milli m 0.001 10–3micro µ 0.000001 10–6nano n 0.000000001 10–9pico p 0.000000000001 10–12 You should understand the relationship between measurements that have the same basic unit but different prefixes. For example, 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 meter (m); 1 kilogram (kg) = 1,000 g; 1 milliliter (mL) = 0.001 liter (L). The units commonly encountered in biochemistry are given in the table below. You should become familiar with these units, their abbreviations, and how they are related.You should also be familiar with the metric interconversions of mass (g, mg), fluid volumes (L, mL), and spatial volumes (cubic centimeter or cm3 or cc). Specifically, under most laboratory conditions,1 mL of water (or dilute aqueous solution) weighs 1 g and occupies 1 cm3 (cc) of volume.Mass units Volume units1 kilogram (kg) = 103 g 1 liter (L)1 gram (g) 1 deciliter (dL) = 10–1 liter (100 mL)1 milligram (mg) = 10–3 g (103 mg/g) 1 milliliter (mL) = 10–3 liter (103 mL/L)1 microgram (µg) = 10–6 g (106 µg/g) 1 microliter (µL) = 10–6 liter (106µL/L)1 nanogram (ng) = 10–9 g 1 nanoliter (nL) = 10–9 liter Length Units Molar units**1 kilometer (km) = 103 meters 1 mole1 meter (m) 1 millimole (mmol) = 10–3 moles1 centimeter (cm) = 10–2 meters 1 micromole (µmol) = 10–6 moles1 millimeter (mm) = 10–3 meters 1 nanomole (nmol) = 10–9 moles1 micrometer (µm)* = 10–6 meters 1 picomole (pmol) = 10–12 moles1 nanometer (nm) = 10–9 meters*Sometimes referred to as a micron. It is the unit of measurement for the dimensions of cells. It is 0.001 mm in length.**Don’t worry about what a mole is; we will discuss the mole in a later class.C. TEMPERATURE SCALESYou will need to understand various temperature scales to convert between them. In biology and medicine, temperature is usually reported in degrees Celsius. You do not need to memorize the conversion formulas, but you need to know how to use them. H2O freezes Body temperature H2O boils Fahrenheit (F) 32F 98.6F 212FCelsius (centigrade) (C) 0C 37C 100CKelvin (K) 273K 310K 373KConversion formulas: C = 5/9 (F – 32) F = 9/5 C + 32 K = C + 273Note: The Kelvin symboldoes not have a degree sign. D. ERROR, ACCURACY, PRECISION, AND UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENTError is the difference between a true value and its measured value (our estimate of the true value). Error can be either random (measurements scattered more or less randomly around some average value) or systematic (measurements differ from the true value in some regular way). Think about possible sources of random and systematic error when measuring time, temperature, and mass.For a measurement to be meaningful and useful, it must be both accurate and precise. Accuracy refers to how close to the correct value your measurement is, whereas precision refers to how well repeated measurements agree with one another. The precision of a measurement