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Purdue MICR J2100 - J210 Lecture-10-2

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Types of ImmunityImmunizationImmunizationEffect of immunization in reducing prevalence of diseaseVaccine TypesActive Immunization (Vaccine types)Active Immunization (Vaccine types)Slide 8Active Immunization (Vaccine types)Active Immunization (vaccine types)Active ImmunizationSlide 12CDC’s recommended immunization scheduleActive Immunization (Vaccine safety)ImmunizationImmunity by active immunization and passive immunotherapyImmune TestingImmune TestingUse of hemagglutination to determine blood typesThe use of agglutination to quantify antibody in a sampleImmune Testing (Neutralization Tests)Antibody preparationsImmune TestingImmune Testing (Labeled Antibodies)Immune Testing (Labeled Antibody Test)Direct vs Indirect ELISAIndirect ELISAVariation – Sandwich ELISAImmune TestingImmunochromatographic dipstickTypes of ImmunityImmunityInnateAcquiredActiveOwn immune responsesNaturalExposure to infectious agentsArtificialImmunizationPassiveReady-made antibodiesNaturalMaternal IgG in newbornsArtificialTransfer of antiseraImmunization •Two Artificial Methods of Immunity–Active immunization (vaccine)–Administration of antigens so patient actively mounts a protective immune response–Passive immunization (antidote)–Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animalImmunizationBrief History of Immunization–1796 – Edward Jenner discovered process of vaccination, demonstrating that innoculating with vaccinia virus (cowpox virus) protected against smallpox.–1879 – Louis Pasteur developed the first attenuated vaccine against smallpox–Antibody transfer developed when it was discovered vaccines protected through the action of antibodiesThe smallpox vaccination site after first innoculationsmallpox victimEffect of immunization in reducing prevalence of diseaseMany developing nations do not receive sufficient vaccines to treat their populations.Effective vaccines have not developed for some pathogens.Perceived vaccine-associated risks discourage investment in the development of new vaccinesVaccine Types•Several types of vaccines, each with own strengths and weaknesses–Attenuated (live) vaccines–Inactivated (killed) vaccines–Subunit vaccines–Toxoid vaccines–Combination vaccines–Vaccines using recombinant gene technologyActive Immunization (Vaccine types)1.Attenuated (live) vaccines–Use pathogens with reduced virulence–Can result in mild infections–Active microbes stimulate a strong immune response–Can provide long term immunity–Modified microbes may retain enough residual virulence to cause diseasesMMR, vaccines for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella viruses are all attenuated.Active Immunization (Vaccine types)2. Inactivated (killed) vaccines–Whole agent vaccines–Subunit vaccines–Both safer than live vaccines–Antigenically weak because microbes don’t provide many antigenic molecules to stimulate the immune response–Often contain adjuvants –Chemicals added to increase effective antigenicityLive vaccine. The first injection allows the virus to multiply rapidly, prompting a full-scale immune response with antibody production and a T cell response. Pros and cons: Only one injection is needed but there is a minute risk of developing the disease.Killed vaccine. A killed virus can’t multiply and the antibody response is limited. Two further injections at later dates ensure sufficient antibody production. Pros and cons: There is no risk of developing the disease but three injections are needed.Live vs. killed vaccine3. Subunit vaccines;–Subunit vaccines use only those parts of the microbe that stimulate the immune system well, namely the antigens. –By containing only what is needed for an immune response and not all the other parts of the microbe–Subunit vaccines tend to cause fewer adverse reactionsActive Immunization (Vaccine types)Active Immunization (vaccine types)4. Toxoid vaccines–With some bacterial diseases, such as diphtheria and tetanus, the problem is not the bacteria themselves but rather the toxins they produce, which enter and poison cells.–Therefore, these vaccines contain inactivated toxins known as toxoids which stimulate antitoxin antibody production.–When a person is infected, these antibodies can block the toxins from getting into cells.–Require multiple doses because they possess few antigenic determinants.Active ImmunizationGeneral vaccines used routinely–Combination vaccines–Simultaneous administration of antigens from several pathogens –Recombinant vaccines (using recombinant gene technology)–Research attempts to make vaccines more effective, cheaper, and safer–Variety of recombinant DNA techniques used to improve vaccinesAnimation: vaccines_typesVaccine manufacturers–Mass-produce many vaccines by growing microbes in culture vessels–Viruses are cultured inside chicken eggs–Individuals with egg allergies must avoid some vaccinesVaccines by type (Examples)Vaccine type DiseaseLive attenuated vaccinesMeasles, mumps, rubella, polio (Sabin vaccine), severe diarrhea, influenza (intranasal vaccine), chickenpox, and shinglesInactivated or “killed” vaccinesInfluenza, hepatitis A, Japanese encephalitis, polio (Salk vaccine), rabiesSubunit vaccinesDiphtheria, genital warts and cervical cancer (prevention), hepatitis B, meningococcal disease, pertussis, pneumococcal disease, tetanusCDC’s recommended immunization scheduleActive Immunization (Vaccine safety)•Problems associated with immunization–Mild toxicity most common –Risk of anaphylactic shock–Residual virulence from attenuated viruses–Allegations certain vaccines cause autism, diabetes, and asthma–Research has not substantiated these allegationsImmunization•Passive Immunotherapy–Administration of antiserum containing preformed antibodies–Provides immediate protection against a recent infection or an ongoing disease–Antisera have several limitations–Contain antibodies against many antigens–Can trigger allergic reactions called serum sickness–Viral pathogens may contaminate antisera–Antibodies of antisera are degraded relatively quicklyImmunity by active immunization and passive immunotherapyImmune Testing•Uses serology –Study and diagnostic use of antigen-antibody interactions in blood serum•Two categories of immune testing–Direct testing –Looking for presence of antigens–Indirect testing –Look for antibodies in blood that have formed against antigens•Test


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Purdue MICR J2100 - J210 Lecture-10-2

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