Emotion and Motivation Study Guide1. Emotion- A state, elicited by a strongly motivational (i.e. reinforcing) event or by anticipation of such an event, that produces a coordinated set of adaptive responses.Feelings- Introspection, subjectiveAutonomic responses- sympathetic activation, hormonal Somatic responses- facial expressions (in humans), approach or avoidance.2. Evolutionary View of Emotion- States the emotions, like other parts of our brain and body, were shaped by Darwinian evolution and share ancestry with other animals. Adaptive Value of Emotion- Ancient emotions such as a fear keep us alive by being cautions of potential dangers. Old emotions like pride developed in primates and add to our social wellbeing, increasing odds of reproduction. New emotions, such as love for our offspring, cause our offspring to survive better. Evidence that emotions are innate- Baby’s smile before they are old enough to know why or to learn to smile. We share resemblances in our expressions to animals, such as a dog snarling its teeth as a “sneer” or a rat squealing from “laughter”. 3. Ekman’s 6 Emotions- Happiness, Sadness, Anger, Fear, Disgust, Surprise and sometimes contempt. Evidence for Ekman’s Six- He read a story to New Guineans and then had them choose which emotion the American is displaying from many different facial expressions. He then took a picture of their emotions and had American college students guess their emotions. The six/seven emotions he called universal were all commonly recognized across cultures. 4. How can researchers study emotions in rats? Study the difference in rats between conditioned rats with an amygdala lesion and one without. Since the rats without this react less to the conditioned stimuli, it shows rats experience fear. Fear-potentiated Startled Response- is a reflexive physiological reaction to a presented stimulus,and is an indicator of the fear reaction in an organism.How is a F-PSR acquired- The researchers turned a light on and then shocked a rat. Then they shocked them again with the light on and off. They exhibited signs of fear just from the light. 5. International Affective Picture System- Database of pictures of emotional responses. How is research done with the IAPS-I believe the IAPS has a set of emotional photographs, and they are compared to subjects. Basically, the IAPS is a control of how someone “should” respond. High Valence, Low Arousal- Flowers or ice cream.High Valence, High Arousal- Naked women or skydiving. Low Valence, Low Arousal- Cemetery or GarbageLow Valence, High Arousal- Mangled face or a gun pointing at the viewer. 6. Appetitive-eating, drinking, reproduction Defensive-escape, avoidance, defensive displays, defensive aggression Impulse control system-regulates activity in defensive and appetitive. Primary Motive System-3 basic drives that battle for our attention. 7. Phobia- Intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat.How do phobics respond? Most people react regularily to all stimuli, but experience extreme fearand discomfort, often leaving there chair, when presented with the object of their phobia. 8. Psychopath- Condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centeredness, and risk taking.How do psychos respond? They generally react less to all adverse or high arousal stimuli. 9. Amygdala in emotion-It is the hub of fear. Behavior symptoms of anxiety are associated with the amygdala? Nearly all of them. The Amygdala is connected with all of our fear responses (sweating, ulcers, panting, etc), and it choreographs how those systems should respond to fearful stimuli. What happens to fear when the amygdale is lesioned? Nearly disappears. 10. Exposure Therapy- Therapy that confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear. Use of exposure therapy in treating PTSD- If you expose someone to their fear without presenting the stimuli that made it fearful, the fear will fade. Is the memory erased or a new response learned? A new response is learned, nothing is forgotten. How can DCS be used to speed up extinction? It speeds up the learning process, so fear is inhibited faster. 11. Flashbulb Memory- Emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed. How can beta-blockers be used to treat PTSD? If a beta-blocker is distributed soon after a traumatic event the emotional memories will be blocked and therefore ptsd is less likely. 12. Rewards- Stimuli that make you feel good. Human rewards- Anything we like that makes us feel good. Primary Rewards- Food or sex, natural desires. Secondary rewards-Anything to help us get more primaries, like money. Neurotransmitter associated with rewards- Dopamine Nucleus Accumbens- Part of the pathway for rewards, addiction, and the placebo effect.13. Drug Addiction- Habitual drug use, despite adverse affects on health and social life and, generally,despite efforts to quit. 3 Mechanisms of addiction- 1. “high” that activates reward system. 2. “Craving” which makes you desire more. “withdrawal” cessation of drug use causes anxiety and depression.14. Two-factor Theory of Emotion- Theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution (explanation) of that arousal. Dutton & Aaron bridge study- The study had a female ask men to call her, and double the amount actually called the women back if they were approached on a scary bridge instead of a normal setting. How does this explain 2 factor theory? The men were “alerted” by the bridge, but this was recorded as positive arousal due to the interest from the attractive female. This left the whole experience as a pleasant memory, making them more likely to call back than the control group. James-Lange Theory of Emotion- Theory proposing that emotions result fro our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion- Theory proposing that an emotion-provoking even leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions. 15. Mere Exposure Effect-Phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it. Facial-feedback Hypothesis- Theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotion. (Smiling makes you happy, not beinghappy makes you smile).16. Drive Reduction Theory- Theory proposing that