Chapter 7 Study Guide1. A memory model broken into 3 stages, sensory, short term, and long term memory. Attention: The process of focusing on something well enough to encode in short-term memory. Rehearsal: Repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short term memory. Encoding: Process of getting information into our memory banks. Retrieval: reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating the stimuli in original form, elaborative rehearsal links the memory to something meaningful, making it easier to recall. 2. Sensory memory is brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory. Its capacity is 4-5 items, duration depends on the sense (1 sec for vision), and the function is to maintain our perceptions in a buffer area before passing them to the next memory system. Sperling: He flashed 12 letters to people, who remembered four or five. Then he highlighted onerow (4 letters) and told them to remember that row. Almost everyone remembered all 4. This shows we had all 12 in our memory, but only enough time to process 4 before we lost our sensory memories. 3. Echoic memory is memory from our ears and lasts five to ten seconds, iconic is from our eyes and lasts for one second. 4. Short term memory is the memory system that retains information for limited durations. Its capacity is 5-9 units, duration of 10-20, with 20 being the max, the function is to hold memories in our head for a brief period of time, enough to process what we are currently thinking about, attending to, or processing actively. Chunking: organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short term memory. Magic Number: The span of short term memory, according to George Miller: seven plus or minus2 pieces of information. Peterson Study: They showed people a three letter list, then made them count backwards (to avoid mental repetition) and wait a certain amount of time before attempting to repeat it. Most people failed by 15 seconds. 5. Visual: remembering how something looks. Phonological: Focus on sound, repeat until it becomes familiar. Semantic: Emphasize what it means, and this is the best method. 6. Long term memory: relatively enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills. Its capacity is unknown, virtually unlimited, its duration is from minutes to a lifetime, and its function is to retain all of our knowledge stored I our lifetime. 7. Explicit: Semantic and episodicImplicit: Procedural, priming, conditioning, habituation 8. Clive Wearing: A man with little to no long term memory do to a herpes virus (Herpesviral encephalitis) that attacked his CNS, damaging his hippocampus and making it impossible to storelong term memory, with the exception of skills. They indicate the length of long term memory, and show that the hippocampus makes long term memories, but not procedural memories. 9. Serial position effect: graph that shows the effects recency and primacy have on recalling items.Recency: tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well. Recency occurs because they are still lingering in your short term memory. To eliminate this affect I would have the patient wait longer periods between exposure and recall. Primacy: tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well. This occurs because you have more time to use rehearsal or chunking to remember them.10. Mnemonic: a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall. Method of Loci: a mnemonic that connects imagery of the objects and locations. Take any path you are familiar with, connect each thing you’re trying to remember with an object on the path.Keyword method: Method to remember foreign languages where you have a keyword (the English word), a foreign word, and then a word to connect them. Ex. House (keyword), Casa (Spanish word), case sitting on a house ( connector.)Pegword Method: Rhyme “pegwords” with numbers for each object you need to remember. Then connect the pegword to the object with an image. Ex. Attempt to remember “chunking”. One is a bun, picture a bun broken into chunks. 11. Schema: organized knowledge structure or mental model that we’ve stored in memory. Ex. Common knowledge that dinner goes drink, apps, main course, desert, coffee. They help memory when they equip us with frames of reference for interpreting new situations. They hinder memory when they oversimplify things and lead us to mistakes. 12. Recall: recalling old memories up on our own. (essay test)Recognition: selecting previously remembered information from an array of options. (MC test)Relearning: How much more quickly we learn information when we study it a second time. (2nd time studying for a test, how much faster are you?)Ebbinghaus: German researcher who found that our memory forgets a lot right away, and then forgets less and less as time passes. Also learned he could learn something he has forgotten faster the second time. 13. Distributive practice versus massed practice: studying information in small increments over time (distributed) is better than large increments over a brief amount of time (massed.)Helpful Study Hints: Distributed v massed: see above. Testing effect: test yourself frequently on material you’ve read. Elaborative rehearsal: connect new knowledge with existing knowledge rather than simply memorizing facts or names. Levels of processing: work to process ideas deeply and meaningfully- avoid writing notes down word for word from instructors lecture or slides, capture in your own words. Mnemonic devices: More reminders or cues you connect from your knowledge base to new material, the more likely you are to recall new material when tested. Tip of the tongue phenomenon: Something we experience when we have the memory stored, but we cannot recall it. Encoding specificity: phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions underwhich we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it. Context dependent learning says we recall better when we are in the same physical space as when we encoded something, where state-dependent learning says we recall better when in the same internal state (drunk, stressed, etc) and both are correct. 14. Decay: fading from memory over time. As new cells are made and time passes, memories