Personality: the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person.Psychodynamic approach to personality: personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control.Psychoanalytic theory: Freud’s theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality.Unconscious: a part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.Id: the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives relatedto hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses. Ego: the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world. Superego: the final personality structure to develop it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a person’s parents, teachers, and other important figures.Psychosexual stages: children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges. Fixations: conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur.Oral stage: birth to 12-18 months, in which an infant’s center of pleasure is in the mouth Anal Stage: 12 -18 months to, in which a child’s pleasure is the anus. Phallic stage: a period beginning around age 3 during which a child’s pleasure the genitalsOedipal conflict: a child’s sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parents, typically resolved through identification with the same-sex parent.Identification: The processes of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person’s behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values.Latency period: according to Freud, the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which children’s sexual concerns are temporarily put aside. Genital stage: according to Freud, the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior (that is, sexual intercourse)Defense mechanisms: unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves. Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts: psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points.Collective unconscious: according to jung, a common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols, that we inherit from our ancestors the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the distant past.Archetypes: according to jung, universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience (such as good or evil)Trait theory: a model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality.Social cognitive approaches to personality: theories that emphasize the influence of a person’s cognitions—thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values—as well as observation of others behavior in determining personality.Self-efficacy: the belief that we have the personal capabilities to master a situation and producepositive outcomes.Biological and evolutionary approaches to personality: theories that suggest that important components of personality are inherited.Temperament: an inborn behavioral style and characteristic way of responding that emerges early in lifeHumanistic approaches to personality: theories that emphasize people’s innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning. Unconditional positive regard: an attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what aperson says or does Psychological tests: standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively: used by psychologists to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselves. Self-report measures: a method of gathering data about people by asking them questions about a sample of theirbehavior.Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2: a widely used self-report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaviors. Test standardization: techniques used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnoses. Projective personality test: a test in which an ambiguous stimulus is shown and asked to describe it or tell a storyabout it. Rorschach test: a test that involves showing a series of symmetrical visual stimuli to people who ten are asked what the figures represent to them, Thematic apperception test: TAT, a test consisting of a series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a story. Direct measures of an individual’s behavior used to describe personality characteristics. Abnormal behavior: behaviorthat causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives. (deviation from normal, ideal: abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort.) Medical perspective: individual has symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause may reveal a hormonal imbalance, a chemical deficiency, or a brain injuryPsychoanalytic perspective: the perspective that suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression. Behavioral perspective: the perspective that looks at the behavior itself as the problemCognitive perspective: the perspective that suggests that people’s thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behavior.Humanistic perspective: the perspective that emphasizesthe responsibility people have for their own behavior, even when such behavior is abnormal.Sociocultural perspective: The perspective that assumes that people's behavior—both normal and abnormal—is shaped by the kind of family group, society, and culture in which they live.Anxiety disorder: anxiety without an obvious external cause Panic disorder: Anxiety disorder that takes the form of panic attacks lasting from a few seconds to several hours. PTSD: Rexperience of tramatic events, memories and dreams.:Generalized anxiety disorder: The experience of long-term, persistent anxiety and worry.Obsession: A persistent, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring. Compulsion: An irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable.Somatoform disorders: Psychological difficulties that take on a physical (somatic) form, but for which
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