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UMass Amherst PSYCH 100 - Chapter 1

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Chapter 1Psychologists at work- Psychology: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.Psychological Family tree- Behavioral neuroscience: examines how the brain and the nervous system determine behavior- Experimental psychology: studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world- Cognitive Psychology: focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking,memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language- Developmental Psychology: studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death.- Personality Psychology: focuses on the consistency in people's behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another- Health Psychology: explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease.- Clinical Psychology: deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders.- Counseling Psychology: focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems- Social Psychology: study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others- Cross-cultural Psychology: the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups.- Evolutionary Psychology: considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestorso Not only physical traits but personality too (Darwin)- Behavioral Genetics: seeks to understand how we might inherit certain behavioral traits and environmental influence displaying traits.Working at Psychology- Three major roles: teacher, scientist, clinical practitioner- 300,000 working in the U.S, 290,000 working in Europe, 140,000 in Brazil.- ¾ of psychologists are women- PhD (doctor of philosophy) and a PsyD (doctor of psychology)o Psy d obtained when wanting to treat psychological disorderso Psychiatrists have medical degrees and can prescribe drugsRoots of Psychology- Greek Roots- John Locke: children’s minds were blank slates- Plato: knowledge was inborn into humans- Wilhelm Wundt: made first psychological lab in Germany, William James made one in America- Structuralism: Wundts approach, focuses on uncovering the fundamentals mental components of consciousness, thinking and other kinds of mental states/activities - Introspection: procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail their experiences when stimulated- Functionalism: focuses on what mind does and how it behaves, people adapt to their environmento Replaced structuralism- William James said behavior allows people to satisfy their needs and how ourstream od consciousness lets us adapt to our environment- Gestalt Psychology: reaction to structuralism, focuses on organization of perception and thinking in a whole sense rather than on individual elements of perception (the whole is different from the sum of its parts)Women in Psychology- Very prejudice, women were not allowed in graduate programs(early 1900’s)- Margaret Floy Washburn: first women doctorate in psychology. Worked with animal behavior- Leta Setter Hollingworth: one of the first women psychologists to focus on child development and women issues.- Mary Calkins: studied memory, president of the American psychological association - Karen Horney: social and cultural factors behind personality- Anna Freud: daughter of Sigmund Freud, contributed to treatment of abnormal behavior5 perspectives of Psychology1. Neuroscience: people and nonhumans function biologically, nerve cells are joined, inherited characteristics, instinctual behaviors, heredity and evolution.a. Broad Study2. Psychodynamic: view that behavior is motivated by conscious inner forces over which individual has little control (Dreams)a. Linked to Sigmund Freud’s unconscious determinants of behavior had effects on thinking3. Behavioral: behavior itself is the problema. Watson believed he was able to predict peoples behaviors by changingtheir environments4. Cognitive: focus on how people think, understand and know about the worlda. Information processing, cognitive perspectives deal with how people store and retrieve information5. Humanistic: suggests that individuals naturally strive to grow, develop and bein control of their lives and behaviorsa. Humanistic psychologists believe that every person has the capacity toseek and reach fulfillmentb. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow think people strive fro fulfillment when given the opportunityc. People have the ability to make their own choicesPsychology’s Key issues and Controversies1. Nature (heredity) vs nature (environment): balance between peoples behaviors due to heredity or environment2. Conscious vs. Unconscious behavior: balance of behavior cause by conscious or unconscious thoughts.3. Observable behavior vs. internal mental processes: behavior that can be seen or unseen thinking.4. Free will vs. determinism: (freewill: choices made freely by an individual) vs. (determinism: peoples behaviors are produced by factors outside of their will of choice).5. Individual differences vs. universal principals: behavior based on special qualities or culture and societyExploring Diversity- People in Europe and North America are more likely to attribute success to unchanging causes (intelligence) vs. people in Asia think its temporary (Asianstudents often out preform American Students) Chapter 2 Psychological ResearchThe Scientific Method- Scientific method: the approach through which psychologists systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest.- Steps of the Scientific Method: 1. Identify questions of interests (prior research, curiosity or needed explanation)2. Formulate an explanation (specify a theory and make a hypothesis)3. Carry out research (collect and analyze data)4. Communicate the findingsTheories- Theories: Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interests o Provide framework to understand unorganized facts- Diffusion of Responsibility: developed by Bibb Latane and John Darley, said that more bystanders are less likely to intervene in a situation. The responsibility is shared, people are less likely to actHypotheses: Crafting Testable Predictions- Hypothesis: a prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested- Operational definition: the translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and


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