Early Farming societies in the New World: The American Southwest Nov. 13, 2013Transition to Agriculture: Early Farming Adaptations in North AmericaPaleoindian – pre-8000 B.C. (Clovis)Archaic – Broad spectrum hunting and gatheringEarly Archaic (8000-2000 B.C.) – Broad spectrum H/GLate Archaic (2000-500 B.C.) – Broad spectrum H/G w/ maize cultivationFormative – Sedentism, large communities; assumed to be associated with agricultureClassic – Peak of Cultural Achievement; generally associated with civilizationCivilization – Cities, monumental architecture, state government (hierarchies)Southwestern North AmericaVery visible prehistoric record, many archaeological sitesPueblo Bonito excavation (1897) at Chako CanyonArid environmentWater is the most important resource, monsoons occur in the summerCrops don’t need irrigation b/c of summer rainfallLarge populations of Native AmericansPapago Warriors: still alive today, represent descendants of prehistoric settlersHopi: still alive today, represent descendants of prehistoric settlersEdward Curtis, commercial salvage ethnographyHad no academic background, took lots of photographsNavajo: very large, high population; settled later (not original settlers)Late Archaic (2000-500 B.C.)Earliest farming: grew cornInformal, shallow pit structures: represented semi-subterranean housesCharred post molds found around and in the pitsStorage featuresIncreased ceremonialism: Rock Art (pictographs, petroglyphs)Depicts more elaborate costumes, suggests mind-altering drugs?Lots of animal-human figures, humans in uniform (ceremonialsm?)Regional Cultural SequencesFormative throughout Post-classic eraHohokam Area (Southern Arizona)San Pedro Phase (500 B.C. – A.D. 200): Pre-Hohokam cultureNo pottery, dart points (Atlatl), continuation of Late Archaic traitsGrowing of corn, possible increasing sedentismEarly Preclassic (A.D. 200-750)First pottery: plain, buff-colored pottery (muted orange)Reliance on corn and squash, corn spread throughout regionMany storage pits: stone lined cists used for burial and storageFormal, deep pithouses: wood framed room with a pit foundationDozens of pithouses in single locations; villages?Arrow points (Bow and arrow replaces Atlatl)Late Preclassic (A.D. 750-1150)Persistence of pithouses, distinguishes the Hohokam areaThousands of individual pithouses representing huge villages/townsCanal systems, 25-30 miles longBall courts, represents connections with MexicoClassic Period (A.D. 1150-1400)Shift to above ground architecture, large structuresWattle and Daub constructionInterlocking infrastructure covered in adobeCivic structures switch from ball courts to Platform MoundsAssociated with religious or elite activitiesChiefdom level political organizationPolychrome (multicolor) pottery, more elaborate symbolismEven more extensive canal systemsPost Classic or Protohistoric (post A.D. 1400)During 1400s, major cultural collapse: many sites abandonedSome suggestion for soil degradationMost likely cultural descendants are the Pima and PapagoEarly Farming societies in the New World: The American Southwest Nov. 18, 2013Regional Cultural SequencesMogollon (Southern New Mexico)Pithouse Phase (A.D. 200-1000)Square pithouses: subterranean, lots of featuresRamps, hearths, post molds, storage pits, etc.First pottery is brown, reliant on cornPueblo Phase (A.D. 1000-1300)Beginning of above-ground architecture called PueblosWaddle and Daub, stone walls, hearths, clustered housesThousands of people lived together, entered through roofsSimilar to Catal Hoyuk siteVery sophisticated pottery: Mimbres potteryKokopelli: The hump-backed flute playerImages appear on pottery and petroglyphsPothunting: Mimbres pottery very valuable, often lootedGreat Kivas: large, round subsurface ceremonial structuresStopped living underground but still used underground structuresBenches, used as religious spacesWidespread abandonment at A.D. 1300Caused by Great Drought of A.D. 1276-1300MogollonA.D. 1300 No Record – Abandonment(Great Drought)A.D. 1000 Pueblo FormativeA.D. 200 Pit House500 B.C. San Pedro Phase2000 B.C. Cochise Archaic7500 B.C.9700 B.C. PaleoindianAnasazi (Four Corners)Basketmaker II (500 B.C. – A.D. 600)Pithouses: large villages, many storage pitsNo pottery; wove baskets, sandals, netsReliance on corn and squashBasketmaker III (A.D. 600-750)Well-made pottery: plain, gray, used for cooking beansDomestication of beansPueblo I Phase (A.D. 750-900)Begin living above-ground in PueblosKept underground Kivas as sacred spacesPueblo II Phase (A.D. 900-1150)Rapid population growth; occupied Mesa Verde and Chaco CanyonChaco Canyon: center of Chaco Canyon Interaction SphereGreat Houses: massive residential areasPueblo Bonito: 800 rooms, Great Kivas, 3 storiesRoads lead to outside communities (ex: Aztec Ruin)Planned communities, water controlLekson’s Chacoan State Theory:Chaco was the capitol of multi-tiered state organizationBuilding ends at A.D. 1150; site is abandonedMesa Verde: Mesa-top settlements, abandoned at A.D. 1150Pueblo III Phase (A.D. 1150-1300)Begin occupying cliff dwellings at Mesa Verde; defensive positioning?Haas and Creamer: Signs of violence, raiding and warfareCase for CannibalismChristy Turner: human bones processed like animal bonesTim White: human bones polished on tips; boiled in potsRichard Marlar: coprolite analysis found human flesh proteinBy A.D. 1300, most sites (Mesa Verde, Chaco Canyon) largely abandonedGreat Drought of A.D. 1276-1299 found in dendrochronologyPueblo IV Phase (A.D. 1300-1400)More abandonmentsNavajo and Apache arrive from the northLast Anasazi left at Zuni, Hopi, and Rio GrandeSpanish explorer Coronado shows after collapse of Hohokam (A.D. 1540)A.D. 1400 ClassicAnasaz A.D. 1200 Pueblo IVi A.D. 1150 Pueblo III(Cliff Dwellings)A.D. 900 Pueblo II(Mesa Verde Open Settlement)(Chaco Canyon)A.D. 750 FormativeA.D. 600500 B.C.2000 B.C. LateArchaic7500 B.C. Archaic9700 B.C. PaleoindianEarly Farming societies in the New World: The American Southeast Nov. 20, 2013Eastern North AmericaArchaic (8000-500 B.C.) – Hunting and gathering with some use of domesticatesLate Archaic/Formative (2000-500 B.C.) – Goosefoot, marsh elder, sunflowerPoverty Point site (1500-700 B.C.) produced oldest earthworks (mounds)Parallel linear mounds (~300m long), precursor to later constructionsFlat mounds, most likely living platformsMound A: 21m tall, took ~10 million baskets of dirt to constructMound B: excavated in 1950s, produced