1 PHL 301 Concept Review Day – Notes for Final - The exam will consist of 110 multiple choice questions, each worth 1 point, and will be comprehensive, though about 2/3 of the questions will be on the final third of the course (Metaphysics). The remainder 1/3 will be over highlights from the first sections. - REVIEW QUOTES!!! - Look back at old review slides PLATO - Plato's forms; Theory of Forms - The Divided Line: forms relate to objects of experience; world of experience (shadows, reflections, images) vs. world of forms (mathematics) - Allegory of the Cave: we can only see shadows of ultimate realities (forms, which exist independent of the mind) - What is Courage? - Internalist argument - Justified True Belief ARISTOTLE - Primary and secondary categories based on parts of speech - Substance (primary and secondary substance) o Primary: a thing; objects; entities (e.g. people, tables, chairs, stars) o Secondary: a kind of thing; species, type, kind (e.g. red, four-legged) - Criteria for substances: "this such"; being able to admit contrary qualities (e.g. a person can wear a red shirt one day and a shirt of a different color another day but still be the same person); no degrees (cannot be more or less...a human, a cat, a table) - Essential vs. Accidental properties o essential: composes identities (e.g. the quality of being human) o accident: temporary qualities (e.g. the quality of being barefoot) - Happiness is the ultimate end, virtue - Theory of Knowledge - Ethics - Contrary qualities - Realist: reality must exist indep. of the mind, even w/o consciousness; sensation; mind-indep. universe o a universe w/o can exist without consciousness, to exist, must have things within the universe that exist even with a lack of consciousness thus there are mind-indep. realities - Cause of perception = object of perception (the thing represented in perception) o when you imagine a table, the image of the table is causing your perception/conception of a table2 LOCKE - metaphysics; political philosophy - Empiricism - Tabula Rasa - Table exists indep. of our recognition of it so mind-indep. objects exist - Representationalist: things are represented in the mind - Distinction between primary qualities (really within the thing in itself) and secondary qualities (an effect of the table....e.g. brown color of the table) - Real essence of the thing vs. nominal essence of the thing o Real essence: understood in terms of primary qualities; more scientific definition - has essential qualities (e.g. atomic #7 = has 7 protons, if it did not have 7 protons it would not be itself) o Nominal essence: ordinary definition of the thing in terms of perceived (secondary) qualities; more abstract HUME - Inducted inference is not dep. on reason/rationale but rather practice - Object = bundle of properties; a construction; the result of our imposition of our perceptions on the world - Ship of Theseus (rebuilt same ship with old planks); sandpile example o changes occur quickly --> no longer same ship/sandpile o same changes occur slowly --> same ship/sandpile o thus the identity is affected by our perception - critic of all arguments for God's existence o miracles are so unlikely that we'd never have reason to believe a report of one o universe made by a committee o botched universes - everything is momentary/fleeting; universe/objects is/are a combination of momentary elements (sim. to Buddhist POV) - the self is also a construction out of momentary perceptions/emotions/ideas; there is no unity to you just like there is no unity to objects...you are just a bundle - metaphors for the self = theatre, commonwealth --> mind is a place where certain things happen KANT - Good will is only unqualified good - The Categories (very diff. from Aristotle's) - Synthetic a priori knowledge is possible - Phenomena: appearances, objects of experience, we can know them a priori (before the fact; indep. of experience) Q. How can we know objects of experience before we experience them?3 A. Inferences; you can form knowledge about the particular experience by amalgamating a composite knowledge from other experiences Ex: you can know what will be projected on the screen...how? you know from experience w/ the projector that there will be an image projected that is made of light (req. that you know what an image is as well) - Noumena: things in themselves; unknowable - moral argument for the existence of God - Vocab: sensibility, understanding, Copernican revolution, concepts vs. objects - first person to talk about concepts as rules for constructing experience - Transcendental Unity of Apperception: idea of noumenal self NIETZSCHE - "God is dead!" - Relativist, perspectivist, historicist (truth is relative to a certain historical era, likely the era of its origin) - Errors and fantasies - Biochemistry = foundation for higher things - values, ethics - Authenticity: being the person you are; values are determined afresh, once we come to a diff perspective, we must re-evaluate everything from the