Page 26CHAPTER SUMMARY1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Compared 21.1 Anatomy and Physiology Compared 2- Anatomy is the study of structure and form of the human body, while physiology is the study of function of these parts.1.1a Anatomy: Details of Form 2- Anatomy may be subdivided into microscopic anatomy (anatomic study of materials using the microscope) and gross anatomy (the study of structures visible to the unaided eye).1.1b Physiology: Details of Function 3- Physiologists may examine the function of specific body systems (e.g.,cardiovascular physiology) and may focus on problems or pathologies of such systems (pathophysiology).1.2 Anatomy and Physiology Integrated 31.2 Anatomy and Physiology Integrated 3- Form and function are interrelated. Anatomists cannot gain a full appreciation of anatomic form without first understanding the structure's function. Likewise, physiologists cannot fully appreciate body functions without learning about the structure's form.- It is easiest to learn anatomy and physiology by integrating the two disciplines, rather than trying to separate the study of form from the study of function.1.3 The Body's Levelsof Organization 61.3 The Body's Levels of Organization 6- Scientists group the body's components into an organizational hierarchy of form and function.1.3a Characteristics That Describe Living Things 6- All living organisms exhibit several common properties: organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, adaptation, and reproduction.1.3b The View from Simplest to Most Complex 6- Anatomic structure is organized in an increasingly complex series of levels: the chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level,organ system level, and the organismal level.1.3c Introduction to Organ Systems 7- The human body contains 11 organ systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive.1.4 The Language of Anatomy and Physiology 111.4 The Language of Anatomy and Physiology 11- Clear, exact terminology accurately describes body structures and helps us identify and locate them.1.4a Anatomic Position 11- The anatomic position is used as a standard reference point for the human body.1.4b Sections and Planes 12- Three planes section the body and help describe relationships among the parts of the three-dimensional human body: the coronalplane, the transverse plane, and the midsagittal plane.1.4c Anatomic Directions 13- Specific directional terms indicate body structure locations.1.4d Regional Anatomy 13- Specific anatomic terms identify body regions.1.4e Body Cavities and Membranes 14- Body cavities are spaces that enclose organs and organ systems.- The posterior aspect of the body contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal.- The ventral cavity is subdivided into a thoracic cavity (which is partitioned into pleural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity) and an abdominopelvic cavity (which is partitioned into an abdominal cavity and a pelvic cavity).- The ventral cavity is lined by thin serous membranes. A parietal layer lines the internal body wall surface, and a visceral layer covers the organs.1.4f Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 17- Regions and quadrants are two aids for describing locations of the abdominopelvic viscera.- There are nine abdominopelvic regions and four abdominopelvic quadrants.1.5 Homeostasis: Keeping Internal Conditions Stable 181.5 Homeostasis: Keeping Internal Conditions Stable 18- Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment, even in the face of changing internal or external environmental factors.1.5a Components of Homeostatic Systems 18- The three components are the receptor (detects a stimulus), control center (interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector), and effector (the structure that brings about a change to the stimulus).1.5b Homeostatic Systems Regulated by Negative Feedback 19- Negative feedback mechanisms or loops are initiated by a stimulus, and the end result is to inhibit or slow down the stimulus. Most feedback mechanisms in the human body work bynegative feedback.1.5c Homeostatic Systems Regulated by Positive Feedback 22- Positive feedback mechanisms are initiated by a stimulus, and they maintain or increase the activity of the original stimulus.1.6 Homeostasis, Health, and Disease 231.6 Homeostasis, Health, and Disease 23- An understanding of the concept of homeostasis is essential when understanding the structure and function of a normal, healthy body, the mechanisms of disease, and how the body reacts to pharmaceutical agents.Page 27CHALLENGE YOURSELFDo You Know the Basics?___1. Examining the superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate tothe covering skin is called1. regional anatomy.2. surface anatomy.3. pathologic anatomy.4. comparative anatomy.___2. The level of organization is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform a common function.1. cellular2. molecular3. organ4. organismal___3. The term refers to the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.1. metabolism2. responsiveness3. stimulus4. reproduction___4. A midsagittal plane separates the body into1. anterior and posterior portions.2. superior and inferior portions.3. right and left halves.4. unequal right and left portions.___5. The term used to describe an appendage structure that is closest to its point of attachment to the trunk is1. distal.2. lateral.3. superior.4. proximal.___6. The region is the anterior part of the knee.1. patellar2. popliteal3. pes4. inguinal___7. Which body cavity is located inferior to the diaphragm and superior to a horizontal line drawn between the superior edges of the hip bones?1. abdominal cavity2. pelvic cavity3. pleural cavity4. pericardial cavity___8. The is the serous membrane layer that covers the surface of the lungs.1. parietal pleura2. visceral pericardium3. visceral peritoneum4. visceral pleura___9. The state of maintaining a constant internal environment within an organism is called1. reproduction.2. homeostasis.3. imbalance.4. life.___10. In a negative feedback mechanism, which of the following events does not occur?1. A stimulus is a change in some variable (e.g., rise in blood glucose levels).2. A receptor perceives a stimulus.3. The control center sends output to an effector.4. The effector stimulates or increases the stimulus, so the cycle