Textbook notes: Chapter 12 Clinician’s Illusion: overestimate most people’s fragility and underestimate their resilience, an errorStress Vs. Trauma:Stress: a type of response-consists of the tension, discomfort or physical symptoms that arise when a situation, stressor, strains our ability to cope effectively.Traumatic: a stressor (type of stimulus) that’s so severe that it can produce long term psychological or health consequences.Stress as a response: assess people’s psychological and physical reactions to stressful circumstances.- Measure a host of outcome variables: stress related feelings & release of stress hormones (corticosteroids: hormones; activate the body & prepare us for stressful circumstances)Stress as a transaction: examine the interaction between potentially stressful life events and how people interpret and cope with them- Critical factor influencing whether we experience an event as stressful is our appraisal.o Primary appraisal: initially engage; when we encounter a potentially threatening event (decide whether event is harmful_o Secondary appraisal: decide how well we can cope with it- Optimistic -> Problem-focused coping: strategy in which we tackle life’s challenges head on.- Negative -> Emotion-Focused coping: strategies in which we try to place a positive spin on our feelings or predicaments & engage in behaviors to reduce painful emotions.*Measuring Stress: two scales; Social Readjustment Rating Scale & the Hassles Scale1. Social Readjustment Rating Scale: measures life events systematicallya. Developed by David Holmes & colleaguesb. Bases on 43 life events ranked in terms of their stressfulnessc. Indicated that many stressful events replay to variety of physical disorders & psychological disordersd. Neglects “chronic,” or ongoing stressors as well as stressful life eventse. Some stressful events can be consequences rather than causes of people’s psychological problems2. Hassles Scale: measures stressful events, ranging from small annoyance to major daily pressure, impact our adjustment (ex. Getting stuck in traffic)a. Hassles: minor nuisances that strain our ability to copeb. Frequency and perceived severity of hassles are actually better predictors of physical health, depression and anxiety than are major life events.c. Hassles are associated with health outcomes even while removing words related to psychological symptoms.d. Stressful events are real culprits as they set us off when we already feel hassled or create hassles when we need to cope.Interview based methods:- Provide a more in-depth picture of life stress than self-report measures- Can identify the positive and negative events that people experience as stressful- Distinguish ongoing from “one-shot” stressors and how events interact to produce physical and psychological problemsHans Selye: Modern day Stress Research -To recognize a connection between the stress responses of animals with physically ill patients, who showed a consistent pattern of stress-related responses- General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): pattern of response to stress- All prolonged stressors take us through 3 stages of adaptation:o Alarm, Resistance, ExhaustionKey aspects of the GAS:First stage: Alarm Reaction- involves excitation of the ANS-Identified the seat of anxiety within the limbic system-sometimes dubbed the emotional brain-that includes the amygdala, hypothalamus and hippocampus.-Mark’s swift emotional reaction to the turbulence is tripped largely by his amygdala, where vital emotions are stored, and create anxiety what he fears will happen (crash).- HYPOTHALAMUS (H) -> PITUITARY (P) -> ADRENAL (A)