PersonalityWhat is personality?An individual’s characteristic pattern way if thinking, feeling and actingWhat is the difference between top-down and bottom-up approaches to personality?Top down starts with a set of assumptions about human nature to identify important personality differences, bottom up approaches sort through many ways in which people differ to determine which are important for human nature.Name two historical top-down approaches to personality.What did Freud believe were the biological impulses that drive human behavior?Eros which is sex drive and thanatos which is violence or aggressiveness.What did Freud believe the unconscious mind consisted of?Id , ego and superegoIn what ways did Freud believe unconscious content could “leak” into consciousness?Dreams, Freudian slips and when you began to have physical health problemsIn Freud’s theory, what are the id, ego, and superego, and how do they influence personality?The id is unconscience andrepresents eros and thantosand operates on pleasure principle which is immediate gratifications, and is expressed through erongenous zones.The superego is unconscience, and is viewed as the angel and it represents society and the rules.The ego is partly conscience and it balances messages from the Id and the superego, and it operates according to the reality principle.Describe Freud’s psychosexual theory of development, including the principle of erogenous zones, all stages of psychosexual development, and the idea of “fixation.”Freud’s psychosexual theory of development states that with age, pleasure is experiences thrugh different erogenous zones. Erogenous zones are the zones in which the ID expresses Eros , which is sex drive.Oral lasts from 0-18m and is when the erogenous zones is the mouth. We learn to suck chew biteAnal lasts from 18-36 months and is when we potty train with our bowels and bladder and we learn to control our body.Phallic lasts from 3-6 years and the zones are the genitals. Boys are afraid that they will lose their oenis which is the castration theory, and the Oedipus and electra complex happen, which is being sexually attracted to the parent of the opposite sex.Latency is from 6 to puberty and there are no zones, we have dormant sexual feelings. Are getting over sexual fixation with parents.Genital stage is puberty and the zones are the genitals again and there is maturation of sexual interestFixation is the idea that you get stuck in one phase.In Freud’s theory, what are defense mechanisms? Define the following specific examples: repression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, and sublimation.Deffense mechanism are the Ego way of managing the ID and gives more accepting way of expressing the ID desires.Repression is banning anxiety arousing thought from consciousnessReaction formation is when we make unacceptabke impulses look like their opposites.Projection is attributing threatening impulses to others or on othersRationalization is offering self justifying explanations for behaviorDisplacement is diverting impulses to more acceptable objectSublimation is channeling impulses into productive activity,What are the major critiques of Freud’s theory, and what lasting contributions did he make to psychologyand society?Doesn’t do justice to majority of human motivations, he had no studies with children and it was based on too many disordered individuals. He attributrd that he was th efirst person t discover the concept of the unconscious, we do use defense mechanisms, our biological impulses do conflict with society rules and that our mental problems can affect our bodily health.Who are the two major humanistic psychologists discussed in class?Manslow who says that human nature is about self actualization and being the best you that you can be and RogersIn humanistic theory, what is self-actualization, and how is it related to self-acceptance?Self acvtualization is the motivation to grow and change so that you can be the best you thst you can be and to fulfil your potential and requires self acceptance, which is accepting the person that you really areand learning to love that person.In humanistic theory, what is a growth-promoting climate?a growth promoting climate is a climate in which you can truly be yourself and th e people around you accept you for who you are and love you for who you are and they tell you that they love you the way you are. They show exmapthy whoch is understandingWhat are the major critiques of humanistic theory, and what lasting contributions did it make to psychology and society?People say that the ideas are to vast and very subjhective. Self actualization is to optimistic and that it is too self focused.the self esteem movement has increased narcissism and decreased empathy. Contributionn is that it taught us to focus on human strengths and our idea of self is shaped my goals and aspirations. It also showed us that top-down assumptions about humans are incomplete ad gave us the idea of unconditional positive reguardWhat are traits?Traits are dispositions which are inhertited qualities to think feel and act in certain waysWhat is the lexical hypothesis?Important words for human nature/traits should be reflected in language. If it is not a word then it isn’t important. There are only 171 words in englidh that describe traits and aren’t synonyms.What is factor analysis, and how does it help psychologists identify personality traits?Statistical technique for identifying items that can be grouped together. There is a chart that says multiple words that are traits can often be described by one word. It helps because it results in 5 common factors in all languages.What is the five-factor model of personality? Define each of the five factors, and give examples of what each factor predicts across a person’s life span.The 5 factors are OCEANOpenness to new experiences curiousity enjoyment of adventures and emotions. They are more social , express liberalism and exhibit toleraceceCounsciousness is self discipline and focusing on goals and achievement they have impulse control and awarenessw of duty of self and to others. They have better heakth and better job performanceExtroversios is tendency toward positive emotion, action oriented and are more likely to experience positive life eventsAgreeableness is someone who is nice they have a convern for social harmony compassion they trust more and have prosocial behavior.Neuroticism is