MemoryWhat are the three stages of memory, from forming a memory to using it later?Compare and contrast sensory, working, and long-term memory in terms of 1) how selective they are, 2) their capacity, and 3) their duration.What is automatic processing (encoding), and what sorts of information are automatically encoded?What is effortful processing (encoding), and what are the effortful processing strategies discussed in class?What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory, and what are the brain structures that are responsible for encoding each?What are semantic and episodic memories?What is long-term potentiation?What are recognition and recall?What factors facilitate recall?What is the misinformation effect, and how is it facilitated by source amnesia?What are possible real-world implications of the misinformation effect?What are the three types of “forgetting” discussed in class?Cognition & LanguageWhat are hierarchies of concepts?What is a prototype, and what do prototypes tell us about the structure of concepts?What does “problem solving” mean, in the context of cognitive psychology?Compare and contrast heuristics and algorithms.Identify and describe two heuristics or biases humans frequently rely on.Define the following terms: communication, symbol, language, morphemes, words, phonemes, grammar, semantics, syntax.Describe the following properties of language: 1) it is arbitrary, 2) it is flexible, 3) it has naming ability, 4) it allows displacement.What does it mean to say that language is “productive,” and how is this facilitated by each of the properties listed above?What was the behaviorist view on language development?What evidence do we have against the behaviorist view?What is the nativist view on language development?Define the following terms, and describe how each one facilitates language development: phonetic sensitivity, semantic capacity, and syntactic readiness.What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and what is the evidence for it?What evidence indicates that at least some thought occurs without language?IntelligenceHow do psychologists define the term “intelligence”?What is the difference between aptitude and achievement, and which one is more relevant for intelligence?What abilities are included in the concept of general intelligence (g)?What two strategies did Gardner use to identify multiple intelligences?What is the evidence for and against the idea that g represents a single kind of intelligence?What is the evidence that g is a uniquely important type of intelligence?What tests are currently most often used to measure a person’s intelligence?What is IQ, and how was it originally calculated?How is an IQ of 100 determined now?What does it mean to have an IQ of 100, or an IQ higher or lower than 100?What evidence indicates that good IQ tests actually measure g?What evidence indicates that good IQ tests consistently measure g?Approximately how much variation in IQ is due to genes versus environmental influences?What are some examples of environmental influences on intelligence?What are the known gender and ethnic differences in IQ?Why (in Dr. Poulin’s view) is it not possible to conclude that these differences are genetic?MotivationDefine the following terms: reflex, instinct, drive.How do drives allow for greater behavioral flexibility than reflexes or instincts?What are some criteria that we can use to identify psychological (rather than physiological) “needs”?According to these criteria, what are some examples of psychological needs?What are value and expectancy, and how do they interact to motivate behavior?What are two types of conflicts that can make it difficult to predict human behavior?What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, and how does it try to predict value?What two types of situational forces appear to affect value?Name two factors that influence perceived