DevelopmentWhat is maturation?Biological growth across the life spanWhat are some examples of physical abilities controlled by maturation?2-3 months a baby can roll over, 4-7 months a baby can sit up, in 6-10 months a baby can crawl and 8-12 months a baby can walk. However, these all depend on genes.How is memory early in life influenced by maturation?Early in life you don’t have enough brain capacity to memorize things that happen, until enough myelenation takes place and your brain developed enoughWhat three cognitive skills are controlled by maturation, according to Piaget?Representing objects, thinking logically about how objects behave or interact, representing abstractionsWhat are the stages of cognitive maturation, and how do they match up with those three cognitive skills, according to Piaget?Sensorimotor: connecting sensations with actions, object permanence develops (essential cognitive skills)Preoperational: representing of concrete objects, inability to use logic, no understanding of conservation of properties, view of the world is egoentricconcrete operational: Thinking logically about concrete objects but no abstract concepts.formal operational stage: Ability to think about abstract conceptsWhat is object permanence, and when does it develop?Object permanence is being able to envision an object even though it is not there, and it developed during the sensorimotor stage, which is from birth until two years old.What does it mean that young children are “egocentric”?It means that they think the way that they see the world is the way that everyone else sees the world.What is a schema?Internal(cognitive) representations of the world, and a pattern of thought that organizes and categorizes information and the relationships among them.What are assimilation and accommodation, and what do they have to do with schemas?Assimilation is when you understand new information by fitting them into existing schema, accommodation is adjusting existing schemas to better reflect your experienceWhat does current psychological research indicate about Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?Schemas are an organizing principle in cognitive psychology. The existence and order of the stages are correct, but they are more continuous that Piaget thought, meaning that they can fluctuate back andforth. Contemporary view also says that formal logic is not central to all mature thinkingWhat are the secondary sex characteristics that develop in adolescence?When you reach adolescence, your body becomes ready to procreate. Men began producing sperm, and women began ovulation. These are primary. The secondary sex characteristics are getting more muscular, shoulders getting wider, getting more body hair, faces get angular, voicesgetting deeper and for female breast, widening hips and increase in fatty tissue.What is myelination, and what does it have to do with cognition in adolescence?The process of fatty tissue wrapping around brain neurons that allow information to be transmitted and processed faster. The process of myelination is not fully developed in childhood. It continues throughout adolescence until late 20’s. Incomplete myelination may explain risky decisions made in adolescence.Roughly what ages correspond to “early” and “middle” adulthood, and what physical and cognitive changes happen then?Early adulthood is from 25 to 45, and you have decreased metabolism, your physical strength and stamina decrease a little, and a decreased fertility, but stronger sex drive for women. Middle adulthood is from 45-65, where your physical strength and stamina decrease more, and women go through menopause. Cognition is at it’s peakRoughly what ages correspond to “late” adulthood, and what physical and cognitive changes happen then?Late adulthood is age 65+. This is generally a time of physical decline where your physical strength and stamina continue to decreaseand this accelerated throughout old age. You also experience decreased perceptual (sensory) acuity. (taste buds change) lose hearing, smell andvision. You also have decreased stress response, and weaker immune responseWhat are Erikson’s 8 stages of social development, and what ages defineeach stage?1.Trust vs Mistrust (first year). 2. Autonomy vs Shame and doubt(1-3)3.Initiative vs Guilt(3-6). 4.Competnce vs Inferiority(6-puberty). 5. Identity vs Identity diffusion.6. Intimacy vs Isolation(20s to early 40s.)7.Generativity vs Stagnation(40s to 60s).8. Ego integrity vs Despair(late 60s to death)What “social” skills does a newborn infant have?Newborns can eat (roofing reflex), they can learn who their caregivers are because they have a preference for faces, and they have the ability and preference to view things that are 8-12 inches away.Define secure attachment and the two types of insecure attachment.Secure attachment is trusting in a care giver. The caregiver is soothing when things go wrong and they lead to a feeling of safety. Insecure attachment is when there is a lack of trust in the caregiver, they do not lead to feelings of safety, and they are not soothing or reassuring. There is anxious-ambivalent where they will still seek out the caregiver, but with avoidance they don’t seek out the caregiver at all, they don’t cry.What factors lead to secure attachment?Emotional and physical needs being met. There must be physical contactWhat is the effect of attachment on outcomes across the life span?Securely attached people do better in school, they have better mental andphysical health and better relationships later on in life.When does self-awareness typically develop?15-18 monthsDefine the three parenting styles discussed in class in terms of strictness and responsiveness. High strictness low responsiveness, high strictness and high responsiveness, low strictness and high responsivenessWhat are individualism and collectivism, and what do they have to do with parenting styles?Individualism is the belief that you should focus only on your own goals and success as a person. Collectivism is working towards a greater goal than one’s self with a group. Parenting styles should match culture, because different cultures follow different rules or beliefs.Name one factor that predicts a successful, long-lasting marriage.Marriages that satisfy need for emotional intimacy, marrying your best friendWhy are older adults as happy as or happier than younger adults, despitedecline in several aspects of their lives?Knowing that