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DREXEL CS 451 - _L2 -- Process

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CS 451 Software Engineering Process ModelsSoftware ProcessProcess Framework: Generic ActivitiesA Framework ActivityUmbrella ActivitiesProcess Model AdaptabilityProcess Model AttributesProcess AssessmentAssessment and ImprovementCMMICMMITypes of Process ModelsPrescriptive Process ModelsThe Waterfall ModelThe Waterfall ModelThe Waterfall Model (cont’d)The Waterfall Model (cont’d)The Waterfall Model (cont’d)The V-ModelThe Incremental ModelThe Incremental Model (cont’d)The Rapid Application Development (RAD) ModelThe RAD Model (cont’d)Evolutionary Models: PrototypingPrototyping (cont’d)Evolutionary Models: The SpiralThe Spiral Model (cont’d)Specialized Models: Component-BasedThe Unified ProcessThe Unified Process (UP)UP PhasesUP Work ProductsPrescriptive ModelsPrescriptive Models (cont’d)Specialized Models: Formal MethodsCS 451Software EngineeringProcess Models1Adapted from Pressman: Software Engineering - A Practitioner’s Approach2Software Process•“A process defines who is doing what, when, and how to reach a certain goal.” Jacobson, Booch, Rumbaugh•A software process provides a framework for managing activities that can very easily get out of control.•The software engineer's work products (programs, documentation, data) are produced as a consequence of the activities defined by the software process.•Different types of projects require different software processes.3Process Framework: Generic Activities•Communication•Planning•Modeling–Analysis of requirements–Design•Construction–Code generation–Testing•Deployment4A Framework Activity•Work tasks•Work products•Milestones and deliverables•Quality Assurance checkpoints5Umbrella Activities•Software project tracking and control•Risk management•Work product preparation and production•Formal technical reviews•Software quality assurance•Measurement•Software configuration management•Reusability management6Process Model Adaptability•The framework activities will always be applied on every project ... BUT•The tasks (and degree of rigor) for each activity will vary based on:–the type of project –characteristics of the project–common sense judgment; concurrence of the project team7Process Model Attributes•Degree to which work tasks are defined within each framework activity•Overall flow and level of interdependencies among tasks•Degree to which work products are identified and required•Manner in which quality assurance activities are applied•Manner in which project tracking and control activities are applied•Overall degree of detail and rigor of process description•Degree of stakeholder involvement •Level of autonomy given to project team•Degree to which team organization and roles are prescribed8Process Assessment•The process should be assessed to ensure that it meets a set of basic process criteria that have been shown to be essential for a successful software engineering.9Assessment and Improvement10CMMI •CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) is a process improvement training and appraisal program. •Level 1: Initial–work tasks required to produce products are being conducted•Level 2: Managed –people doing work have access to adequate resources to get job done, stakeholders are actively involved, work tasks and products are monitored, reviewed, and evaluated for conformance to process description11CMMI•Level 3: Defined –management and engineering processes documented, standardized, and integrated into organization-wide software process•Level 4: Quantitatively Managed –software process and products are quantitatively understood and controlled using detailed measures•Level 5: Optimizing –continuous process improvement is enabled by quantitative feedback from the process and testing innovative ideas12Types of Process Models•Prescriptive (or conventional)•Agile13Prescriptive Process Models•Originally proposed to bring order to the chaos of software development.•They prescribe a set of process elements, workflow, and change control mechanisms for each project.•Types of Prescriptive Process Models:–Waterfall–Incremental–Evolutionary–Specialized14The Waterfall Model15The Waterfall ModelRequirementsDefinitionSystem andSoftware DesignImplementationand Unit TestingIntegration andSystem TestingOperations andMaintenance16The Waterfall Model (cont’d)RequirementsDefinitionSystem andSoftware DesignImplementationand Unit TestingIntegration andSystem TestingOperations andMaintenance17The Waterfall Model (cont’d)•Oldest process model.•Sequential approach.•Accommodates iteration, however changes can cause confusion.•Requirements must be reasonably well-understood.•A major blunder may go undetected until the working program becomes available; could be disastrous.•Could result in “blocking” project team members.18The Waterfall Model (cont’d)•Low risk for well-understood developments using familiar technology.•High risk for new systems because of specification and design problems.•Not a very good process model for a fast-paced, ever-changing world.19The V-Model20The Incremental Model21The Incremental Model (cont’d)•Each increment delivers an operational product.•Early increments are “stripped down” versions of final product.•Iterative in nature (vis a vis the scope of the project).•Useful when required resources not available.22The Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model23The RAD Model (cont’d)•Also an incremental process model.•Emphasizes short development cycle.–Cannot afford too many “new” things.•Use of pre-existing software components plays an important role.•Application must be “modularizable”.•Requires multiple teams.•Requirements must be well understood.•Project scope must be constrained. •Strict performance requirements could be a problem.24Evolutionary Models: PrototypingCommunicationQuickplanModelingQuick designConstructionof prototypeDeploymentdelivery &feedback25Prototyping (cont’d)•Often used as a technique within the context of some other process model.•Helps identify software requirements.•What should happen to the prototype ?–Throw it away ?–Use it as the “first system” ?•High risk because of lack of process visibility.•Low risk for new applications because specification and program stay in step.26Evolutionary Models: The Spiral27The Spiral Model (cont’d)•Couples the iterative nature of prototyping with


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