Question 11 / 1 ptsThe ability of constitutional courts to strike down legislation even in the absence of a specific court case is known as ________ review. preemptive concrete hypothetical abstract proactiveQuestion 21 / 1 ptsThe electoral system that tends to produce a large number of political parties is: the mixed electoral system. proportional representation. the single transferable vote. binomial proportional voting. the single-member district system.Question 31 / 1 ptsWhich of the following statements about referenda and initiatives is accurate?National referenda in the United States and Canada are largely used for taxation and economic policy matters.Formal power to call national referenda lies with the head of state in many European countries.Constitutional reform is not subject to reform by referenda because of the ease with which most referenda are passed.Referenda in the United States are more often used at the national level than at the local or state level.Initiatives in most European countries can be started by either the legislature or the head of state, but rarely by the head of government.Question 41 / 1 ptsWhich of the following is more likely to be a problem in a presidential system than in a parliamentary system?a policy disagreement between the legislative and the executive that results from a very small party in the legislature holding up a law by denying it a majority votethe weakening of the judiciary over time as a result of conflicts between presidential and legislative authoritythe growth of power in political parties as presidential candidates become more beholden to party loyalistsa policy disagreement between the legislative and executive that restricts lawmaking for a long period, even if the executive has become unpopular with the electorateunstable policymaking due to the indeterminate amount of time the president is in officeQuestion 51 / 1 ptsWhich of the following accurately describes a component of a mixed electoral system?The structure steers voters toward support of very small, independent parties.Voters participate in a combination of proportional representation and multimember districts.Voters are allowed two votes, but both must go toward the same party (even if they are made for different candidates).Voters are allowed two votes, one for a prime minister and the other for a legislative representative.Voters are allowed two votes, one for a candidate and one for a party.Question 61 / 1 ptsWhich of the following statements about semi-presidential systems is accurate? The prime minister is typically the initiator of policy.The president typically makes foreign policy and relies on the prime minister to implement it by representing the country internationally.Semi-presidential systems have gone out of favor and have decreased in number during the last two decades.Constitutional courts are often less powerful as a result of appointment by the president.Prominent semi-presidential systems typically place most of the power with the prime minister.Question 71 / 1 ptsThe idea of legal institutions to which everyone is subject is known as: the authority of the governed. majority rule. the reign of democracy. authority of power. the rule of law.Question 81 / 1 ptsThe executive who symbolizes and represents the people is the: head of government. head of authority. chief executive. head of state. ceremonial head.Question 91 / 1 ptsWhich of the following was an effect of the rapid development of many Asian countries in the 1970s on the study of democracy? It helped to discredit elite theory.It demonstrated that elites were the driving force behind early democratization.It demonstrated that overall poverty is not an impediment to democratization.It proved that a middle class was essential for democratization. It helped to discredit modernization theory.Question 101 / 1 ptsThe origins of British democracy can be traced back to the: Magna Carta, 1215. Patronage Act, 1752. Reform Act, 1911. Bill of Rights, 1689. Voting Act, 1911.Question 111 / 1 ptsProportional representation systems can be defined as:two-round systems for electing presidents and prime ministers.electoral systems in which the candidate with the plurality of the vote in a district wins the seat.electoral systems in which the percentage of votes a party receives in a district will determine how many seats that party will win.electoral systems in which the candidate with the majority of the vote in a district wins the seat. two-round systems for referenda and initiatives.Question 121 / 1 ptsA national vote initiated by the government on a particular policy issue is commonly known as: a voluntary ballot. a mass ballot. an initiative. a referendum. a plebiscite.Question 131 / 1 ptsA political scientist notes that in a particular voting district, an elected representative has formed an especially close bond with her constituents, and that during her past term she even voted against the will of her party in order to better support the popular will of the people in her district. This political scientist would most likely use this observed relationship to argue that:proportional representation systems are superior to single-member district systems.parliamentary systems are superior to presidential or semi-presidential systems.single-member district systems are superior to proportional representation systems.mixed electoral systems are superior to single-member district systems.more referenda and initiatives are needed to allow for greater participation by voters in the policymaking process.Question 141 / 1 ptsIn which of the following ways does a proportional representation (PR) system differ from a single-member district (SMD) system?In a PR system, individual candidates win by plurality vote instead of majority.Voters in a PR system cast a ballot for a candidate and for a party, not just for a candidate.Voters in a PR system are typically more willing to vote for smaller parties.In a PR system, votes cast for a candidate or party that does not win are essentially wasted.Each constituency in a PR system has only one representative.Question 151 / 1 ptsIn which of the following ways does a parliamentary system differ from a presidential one?Election dates are more easily altered in presidential systems than in parliamentary systems.Presidents are more easily removed from office than prime ministers.Prime ministers are directly elected by the people, while presidents