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IUB ANAT-A 215 - Cell Division

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a. Prophaseb. Anaphasec. Telophased. Metaphasee. None of the above, this only happens in meiosisCELL DIVISION I. CELL CYCLEA. Cells are divided into two groups:1. Sex cells (sperm and ova [eggs])2. Somatic cells (all other cells)B. Cell cycle subdivided into 2 phases:1. Interphase – cell is not dividing a. DNA is replicated during this time2. Mitosis (12 hours) (cell division for somatic cells) or Meiosis (119 days & 12 hours) (cell division for sex cells)II. MITOSIS - Note: DNA was replicated during interphase A. Prophase1. Chromatin (1/2 DNA and ½ proteins) becomes supercoiled to form chromosomes2. Chromosomes are double-stranded DNA. That is, 2 chromatids joined by a centromere.a. Chromatid = one of the duplicated DNA strands3. Spindle fibers extend from centrioles to the centromere4. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus are dismantled.B. Metaphase1. Chromosomes align along center of cellC. Anaphase1. The 2 chromatids split apart at centromere2. Each chromatid, a single strand of DNA, is pulled to opposite endsof cellD. Telophase1. Chromosomes uncoil2. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reforms3. Cleavage furrow developsCytokinesis = division of cytoplasm (usually occurs). Cells now enter interphaseIII. MEIOSISDef: cell division where gametes (= sex cells: sperm cells or eggs) are formedA. Differences between mitosis and meiosis:1. Mitosis: produces 2 cells containing 46 chromosomes (23 pairs of single-strands of DNA)a. The two new cells are identical to original cell2. Meiosis: produces 4 cells containing only 23 single strands of DNAB. Meiosis: Starts off with one cell that has 23 pairs of chromosomes.- One set of chromosomes came from MOTHER, the other from FATHER- During Interphase: DNA gets duplicated- Cell now contains 23 pairs of double-stranded chromosomes (total=92 strands of DNA) There are two consecutive meiotic divisions1. Meiosis I:a. Prophase Ii. The process of synapsis allows for the chromosomes line up in groups of four = tetradsii. Crossover occurs: process by which genetic material is exchanged between non-sister chromatids b. Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I: the cell finishes Meiosis I by separating the tetrads and producing 2 new cells c. Cell finishes 1st meiotic division producing 2 daughter cells2. Meiosis II: Each of the 2 cells produced from Meiosis I divide (NO DNA REPLICATION BEFORE THIS DIVISION):a. Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II (centromeres are separated and individual chromatids [single-strandedDNA] are pulled to opposite ends of the cell), Telophase II.b. 4 cells (=gametes) produced, each with 23 single-strands of DNAIn which of the following stages of mitosis do the centromeres split and the chromatids begin to separate?a. Prophaseb. Anaphasec. Telophased. Metaphasee. None of the above, this only happens in


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IUB ANAT-A 215 - Cell Division

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