EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE RELI/NAMS 1100 – Fall 015CULTURAL TERMS AND CONCEPTSFirst Peoples, Lecture, X-Marks- tribal sovereigntyo refers to tribes' right to govern themselves, define their own membership, manage tribal property, and regulate tribal business and domestic relations; it further recognizes the existence of a government-to-government relationship between such tribes and the federal government.- blood quantumo Laws that determine just how indian you are to decide whether you can be considered a member of a tribe. - allotted lands / unassigned landso Allotment, the federal policy of dividing communally held Indian tribal lands into individually owned private property, was the culmination of American attempts to destroy tribes and their governments and to open Indian lands to settlement by non-Indians and to development by railroads.o unassigned lands- The term "Unassigned Lands" was commonly used in the 1880s when people referred to the last parcel of land in the Indian Territory not "assigned" to one of the many Indian tribes that had been removed to the future state of Oklahoma. - progressive v. “blanket” Indians (or “pull-back” Indians)o “Blanket” indians were the ones that wanted to “hold on to their blankets” and stick to traditional ways and “pull back” into the way things used to be, whereas progressive Indians were the ones modernizing themselves while still holding onto their cultural roots- Pan-Indianismo general identity as an indian, not just as a specific tribe, came from Indians being relocated to bigcities where they were seen as “Indians” rather than their tribes.- Survivance = survival + resistance OR survival + endurance o a reciprocal use of nature, not a monotheistic, territorial sovereignty” (Gerald Vizenor’s term. See X-Marks, 5); cultural carryovero transmotion - a sense of native motion and an active presence recognized by survivancePHASES OF AMERICAN INDIAN LAW AND POLICY● Civilization/Alliance (1776-1830) ○ The American attempt at civilizing natives by trying to convert them to Christianity in Prayer Towns, challenging their gender roles and customs; the Native nations were treated as a sovereign nation of people with certain rights as opposed to later when that opinion changes as the American desire for Native land increases (i.e., with the discovery of gold)● Removal (1830-1840s) ○ The thought that after civilizing the Indians failed miserably, that it would be best for everyone involved to forcibly remove the Indians from their sacred lands to West of the Mississippi. The policy at the time was to make treaties with the Indians and then strike out major benefits from the treaty. ● Containment (1850s-1890s)○ Once the United States decided that Manifest Destiny meant that the entire territory belonged to them and that they couldn’t push the Natives out any further and couldn’t simply murder them all, they began to collect them on infertile, crappy pieces of land called “reservations”● Allotment (1887-1920s, officially ended in 1932) ○ advocates believed it would liberate Indians from the hold of community-centered thought and instill individual ambition, American ideas of property rights, habits of thrift and industry; instead Indians would band together even in urban communities and expanded their feeling of solidarity among all Indians rather than particular tribes● Indian New Deal (1920s-1940s)○ another attempt by non-Indians to do what they regarded as the right thing for Indians; another paternalistic promise● Termination and Relocation (1940s-1972) ○ Indian termination was the policy of the United States from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s. It was shaped by a series of laws and policies with the intent of assimilating Native Americans into mainstream American society. Assimilation was not new. The belief that indigenous people should abandon their traditional lives and become "civilized" had been the basis of policy for centuries. But what was new was the sense of urgency, that with or without consent, tribes mustbe terminated and begin to live "as Americans." Indians were moved into cities under the pretense of being given a home and a job and support.● Self-Determination (1972 – present)○ Activism in urban areas among Indian youth - helped them re-learn from traditional grandfathers○ getting Indian people involved in their own affairsU.S. HISTORICAL EVENTS, PEOPLE, AND PLACESLecture, films, and First PeoplesU.S. Indian Policy: Allotment (1880s-1934) ● The Dawes Act 1887 ○ to reduce reservations and allot lands to individual Indians as private property; part of the Allotment period; terminate communal ownership, push Indians into mainstream society, offer for sale “surplus” land; Indians whose lands were allotted became citizens, lands could be taxed, land transfer regarded as individual sales of property allowing Americans to legally purchase more land● Religious Crimes Code (1883) ○ Congress passed this law depriving Native Americans of First Amendment rights to forbid them from practicing any religion but those approved by the white man. Enforcement of this law would eventually lead to the massacre of Big Foot's band at Wounded Knee in 1890.● Major Crimes Act (1885) ○ made it a federal crime for Indians to commit rape, murder, manslaughter, assault with intent to kill, arson, or larceny against another Indian on a reservation● Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (Supreme Court, 1903)○ Supreme Court declared that Congress had complete constitutional authority over Indian affairs and could abrogate or break its own treaties; depicted Indians as a weak and colonized people, wards of the government rule by the plenary power of Congress● Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities (1906) ○ prevents archeologists and anthropologists from robbing graves for the sake of history● Residential boarding schools / tribal schools○ off-reservation boarding schools where children could be isolated from the contaminating influences of parents, friends and family; attendance was mandatory - could withhold rations and annuities from parents who refused to send children; militaristic discipline, given new Anglo-American names, boys had hair cuts, changed into uniforms, could not speak their native language; many got sick and died of fast-spreading disease like TB● Carlisle Indian School, run by Richard Henry Pratt ○ 1879 first off-reservation Indian boarding