GEOG 1000 001 Introduction to Geography Instructor Jose Torres 2014 Pearson Education Inc Chapter 1 Introducing Geography What is Geography 2014 Pearson Education Inc Geography The study of the interaction of all physical and human phenomena at individual places and The study of how interactions among individual places may or may not form noticeable patterns in larger spaces 2014 Pearson Education Inc What Is Geography Physical geography studies the characteristics of the planet s physical environment Human geography studies human groups and their activities including built environments Geography concerns itself with where things natural and or human influenced happen and why those things do or don t happen where they do 2014 Pearson Education Inc Current Concerns Geography What current concerns topics that you know of have geographical implications Are there any topics that you would like to see addressed during the semester 2014 Pearson Education Inc Distinctive Geographic Tools Cartography mapmaking Remote sensing mapping Earth from satellites and aircraft Geographic information systems GIS for storing displaying and analyzing geographic data 2014 Pearson Education Inc Development of Geography Classical Western World Eratosthenes 276 194 B C Greek spherical planet Hipparchus 190 120 B C Greek grid lines Ptolemy 2nd century A D Greek Wrote Geography writing about the Earth 2014 Pearson Education Inc Development of Geography Strabo 63 B C c 24 A D wrote Geographica Geography a history of people and places Describes hot regions in Africa as regions that have in their neighborhood no mountains against which the clouds may break and produce rain nor indeed are they coursed by rivers and for this reason they produce creatures with woolly hair crumpled horns protruding lips and flat noses for their extremities are contorted by the heat Source Lloyd A Brown 1979 The Story of Maps p 41 2014 Pearson Education Inc Development of Geography Non European World al Idrisi 1099 1154 ibn Battuta 1304 1378 ibn Khaldun 1332 1406 Muslim scholars who wrote accounts of physical environments and customs and lifestyles of many different peoples The Tribute of Yu described the physical geography and natural resources in some provinces in the Chinese Empire in the 5 th century B C Phei Hsiu A D 267 produced an elaborate map of China 2014 Pearson Education Inc Kangnido 2014 Pearson Education Inc Revival of European Geography Bernhard Varen Varenius 1622 1650 Varen identified two approaches to geography Special geography regional geography General geography topical or systematic geography 2014 Pearson Education Inc Human Environment Tradition Alexander von Humboldt 1769 1859 Cosmos George Perkins Marsh 1801 1882 Man and Nature or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action 1864 2014 Pearson Education Inc Contemporary Geography Most contemporary geographers employ three analytical methods Area analysis Spatial analysis Geographic systems analysis 2014 Pearson Education Inc Area Analysis Site exact location of a place Latitude and longitude Situation Location of a place relative to other places Region areas defined by one or more distinctive characteristics or features 2014 Pearson Education Inc Strategic Locations Moving Canadian Oil to Market 2014 Pearson Education Inc The Concept of Regions Formal regions essential uniformity in one or more physical or cultural features Functional regions defined by interactions types of activities among places for example trade or communications Vernacular regions widespread popular knowledge of existence 2014 Pearson Education Inc Formal Regions 2014 Pearson Education Inc Functional Region 2014 Pearson Education Inc Vernacular Regions 2014 Pearson Education Inc Spatial Analysis Distribution Density Concentration Pattern Movement Distance Distance decay Diffusion Barriers to diffusion 2014 Pearson Education Inc Distribution The distribution is the position placement or arrangement of a phenomenon throughout space Density frequency Concentration distribution Pattern arrangement of objects within a geographic area 2014 Pearson Education Inc Density Concentration and Pattern 2014 Pearson Education Inc Movement Distance Distance Absolute measurement Time Cost Friction of distance The effort time or cost necessary to move or transport items 2014 Pearson Education Inc Distance Decay The presence or impact of a phenomenon may diminish away from its origins 2014 Pearson Education Inc Diffusion An item or feature may spread across space Hearth place where an idea begins Types of diffusion Relocation Contiguous or contagious Hierarchical strata in societies 2014 Pearson Education Inc Barriers to Diffusion 2014 Pearson Education Inc Earth s Physical Systems Atmosphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere 2014 Pearson Education Inc Human Environment Interaction Culture everything about the way people live including language food religion social ceremonies Human impact Natural landscape without evidence of human activity Cultural landscape reveals how humans modify local environment 2014 Pearson Education Inc Debris from the 2011 Tsunami in Japan washed up on Oregon coast in 2012 2014 Pearson Education Inc The Geographic Grid Latitude Location on Earth s surface between the equator and either the North Pole or the South Pole Measured in degrees minutes and seconds 0 90 north or south Parallels 2014 Pearson Education Inc The Geographic Grid Longitude Measures distance east and west around the globe Prime meridian International Date Line 0 180 east or west 2014 Pearson Education Inc The Geographic Grid 2014 Pearson Education Inc The Geographic Grid 2014 Pearson Education Inc World Time Zones 2014 Pearson Education Inc Mapmaking Cartography Scale Projection 2014 Pearson Education Inc Scale Fraction 1 24 000 Ratio 1 24 000 Written statement 1 inch 1 mile Bar style Detail and area Small scale map less detail large denominator 1 1 000 000 Large scale map more detail small denominator 1 100 000 2014 Pearson Education Inc Map Scales 2014 Pearson Education Inc Map Scales Seattle Washington 2014 Pearson Education Inc Map Projections Scientific method of transferring locations on Earth s surface to locations on a flat map Types of distortion Size and distance Shape and orientation 2014 Pearson Education Inc General Classes of Map Projections 2014 Pearson Education Inc Three Types of Projections Mercator Equal Area Azimuthal a Mercator example of conformal distorts size but preserves shape b