PHIL 201STUDY GUIDE: LESSON 20Introduction to EthicsLesson Overview:With this lesson, we begin our final unit on ethics. Each of us wonders about right and wrong and how we determinewhat the morally right action is. We do this on a personal level, but we also ask questions about larger social issues such as capital punishment, war, or abortion. Since this is a survey course in philosophy, we will talk about ethics mostly on a theoretical level and will not be dealing with specific ethical issues. In this first lesson, we want to beginwith some introductory issues. In the presentation, we will address the question “Why Be Moral?” and we will see that how we answer that question will set up the rest of our study in ethics. In the reading, we will address the relationship between the Bible and ethics.Tasks:View and take notes on the presentation, “Why Be Moral?”- What is the question really asking?Distinguish between motive & justification. The question is really asking for the justification of being moral. Distinguish between specific actions & moral point of view. Specific actions: Why is this particular action right? Moral Point of View: Why adopt the moral point of view (MVP)? - Real question (Video notes)- What is the difference between motive and justification?Motive: Why am I doing this?Justification: Why is this the right thing to do? (Video notes)- Explain the 4 elements of the moral point of view.1. To subscribe to normative judgments (right & wrong) about actions, principles & motives2. To universalize (for everyone) judgments concerning morally relevant similar situations3. To formulate ethical views in a free, impartial and enlightened way4. The Synderesis Rule: To promote the good and avoid evil (Video Notes)- What are the 3 general answers to the question?1. Consequentialistic Ethics2. Deontological Ethics3. Aretic Ethics (see Video notes)- What are the 3 elements to every moral event?1. Person2. Action3. Result (Video notes)- What question are the ethical theories attempting to answer?1. Person - virtue ethics2. Action - deontology3. Result - consequentialism4. Question: Where is the Good? (Video notes)PHIL 201Read Chapter 1 of Ethics: Approaching Moral Decisions, “The Moral Revolution.” As you do, consider the following questions and points:- How have modern times made ethical decision-making difficult?Since the 1960's in rejecting establishment ways, it also changed accepted sexual morality, it took individualism to narcissistic extremes and it placed in jeopardy existing ideas for marriage and family, work and government. This in turn has produced conservative reactions that polarize us both morally & politically over issues like human rights, criminal punishment, legislating morality, as well as sex and war. (pg. 11)- According to Holmes, what is the main difference between ethics and other disciplines like sociology and anthropology?Ethics - about good (what values & virtues should cultivate) & right (what our moral duties may be). It examines alternative views of what is good & right, explores ways of gaining the moral knowledge & asks why we should do right.Sociology & Anthropology: Describe human behaviors and the functioning of social institutions, trying to explain them causally in the light of generalized theories about human & social behavior.- What are 3 ways the study of ethics can contributes to biblical morality?1. The Bible gives us a vast repertoire of ethical material in different literary forms & from different historical & cultural contexts.2. Christians do not claim that the Bible is exhaustive about all ethical problems. It is silent aboutmany things we face today.3. Instruction in righteousness (pg 14-15)- What are the 6 ways the Bible contributes to the study of ethics?1. Theological basis for moreal obligations2. Gives an account of the relation of morality to God’s purposes in creation3. Teaches principles of justice and love describing God’s character4. Reveals moral law of God5. Demonstrates from love for God and gratitude for his mercies come moral living 6. Depicts ideals and promise of the kingdome of God (pg 16)Terms:Make sure you can explain the following terms and concepts:- Motive/Justification DistinctionMotive: Why am I doing this?Justification: Why is this the right thing to do? (Thisis the question)- The Moral Point of View1. To subscribe to normative judgments (right & wrong) about actions, principles & motives2. To universalize (for everyone) judgments concerning morally relevant similar situations3. To formulate ethical views in a free, impartial and enlightened way4. The Synderesis Rule: To promote the good and avoid evil (Video Notes)- Deontological EthicsWe should be moral because it is right in itself. (Duty) Do right because it's right.*Divine Command Theory-moral rules come from aDivine God* Natural Law Theory - moral rules come from human nature* Kantian Duty-Based Theory - moral rules come from reason(Video)PHIL 201- The Synderesis RuleTo promote the good and avoid evil (Video)- Ethicsabout good(what values & virtues should cultivate) & right (what our moral duties may be). It examines alternative views of what is good & right, explores ways of gaining the moral knowledge & asks why we should do right. (pg 12)- Normative Judgmentright & wrong (The Moral Point of View)- Consequentialistic EthicsWe should be moral because it will achieve the best results.* Egoism - Best results for ME* Utilitarianism - Best results for OTHERS(Video)- Aretaic EthicsWe should be moral because that is the kind of person we want to be.*Virtue based ethics - What's the right kind of person.(recently come about in the last 20 years)(video)- CasuistryThe use of clever but unsound reasoning, especially in relation to moral questions; sophistry.The determination of right and wrong in questions of conduct by application of general ethical principles- Ethical TheoryA structure of ethical thought that distinguishes general principles from more specific matters and that employs modes of moral reasoning. (pg. 15)- Moral DilemmaA structure of ethical thought that distinguishes general principles from more specific matters and that employs modes of moral reasoning. (pg.