PHIL 201STUDY GUIDE: LESSON 14The Intellectual VirtuesLesson OverviewIn the lesson, we introduce a highly two important issues in epistemology: intellectual virtues and virtue epistemology. We first introduce virtue itself and then go on the show how they can beapplied to our intellectual pursuits. After this, we show how specific intellectual virtues like humility, honesty, courage, and carefulness helps us gain an accurate understanding of reality.TasksRead Chapter 8 of How Do We Know: An Introduction to Epistemology. As you do, consider the following questions and points:- Aside from Epistemology, which area of philosophy do discussions of virtues and vices arise?Ethics & morality (pg. 116)- How was Aristotle’s understanding of happiness different from hedonistic understandingsof it?Hedonistic notions of happiness is about pleasure and physical indulgence, whereas Aristotle's understanding of happiness "eudaimonia" was a sort of well-being or excellence of the soul that is "in keeping with virtue." (pg. 116)- How should we define virtue?According to Plato, those qualities of being that promote well-being or excellence in a person. (pg. 116)- What is a vice and how does it compare to virtue?Vice - makes one corrupt and unhealthy (pg. 116)Virtue is a "kind of health, fine condition, and well-being of the soul"Vice is "disease, shameful condition, and weakness"- Describe Aristotle’s understanding of the Golden Mean.In between a vice of deficiency and a vice of excess, there is a virtue. IT is themiddle quality (golden mean) that promotes well-being in those who possess it. (pg. 116)- What are the two kinds of vices that Aristotle mentions?cowardice - vice of deficiency and signifies a quality in a person who is constantly afraid of danger and thus unwilling to face difficulty for the sake ofgoodrashness - vice of excess and signifies a quality in a person who is too bold and brazen in the face of danger, and is constantly ready to fight(pg. 116)- How did Aristotle say that virtue develops in a person?They are not in us by nature, but by developing them Through proper education, practice,and good habits- What is an Intellectual Virtue?refers to cognitive capacities or qualities that allow a person to think well andacquire knowledge (pg. 118)PHIL 201-a character triat which makes you suited better to gaining the truth (Duncan Pritchard) pg 118Cognitive qualities that promote excellence on all of us knowers. (pg. 127)- According to Aquinas, what is the relationship between moral and intellectual virtues?Thinking well requires one to be guided by intellectual virtues. True well-beingand goodness in a person require both moral and intellectual virtues to work in unison. (pg. 118-119)"for a man to do a good deed, it is requisite not only that his reason be well disposed by means of habit of intelletual virtue; but also that his appetite be well disposed by means of a habit of moral values"- What are the 5 ways that Wood says moral and intellectual virtues are parallel to each other?1. Both are cultivated by a developmental process through life - not quickly acquired skills2. Growth in both is not automatic3. Best developed in community as opposed to isolation4. When we have acquired a virtue, must work to prevent regression into a vice5. "growing in intellectual virtue requires that we grow in moral virtues and vice versa (pg. 119)- Describe the way each of the intellectual virtues work towards helping us find the truth.Studiousness- someone who greatly desires knowledge but will go about getting and using that knowledge in a virtuous fashion, will not misuse knowledgeHumility-a mean between the tendency to grandiosity and the tendeny to a deimished sense of her own ability (will admit their intellectual weaknesses but will not let these limitations keep them from pursuing knowledge)Honesty- We sometimes exaggerate teh truth or lie about things or present facts in a biased way so honesty counters this problem and makes the acquisition of knowledge easierCourage- allows people to endure oppositions from those close to them as they explore new informaiton and modify their beliefs accordingly (will not be cowards in the face of social pressure)Carefulness-we need to be more careful and deliberate in teh information gathering process and more attentive in the work of frawing an inference (forces us to slow down , gather all the imporatnt data, think clearly, and draw conclusions with caution)--Virtue epistemology emphasizes the value of intellectual virtues in our pursuit of knowledge and justification. (pg. 120)- How might virtue epistemology help us with the Gettier Problem?Gettier says JTB is an inadequate account of knowledge because justification is insufficient. JTB might still work, according to philosophers, as long as the justification for belief is acquired in a virtual fashion. (Being as careful as possible...considering all the evidence...may very well yield knowledge. (pg. 127)TermsMake sure you can explain the following terms and concepts:PHIL 201- Virtuethose qualities of being that promote well-being or excellence in a person (pg. 116)a habit of mind (pg. 132)Acting morally responsible (pg. 136)- Vicemakes one corrupt and unhealthy(pg.116)acting in an irresponsible manner (pg.136)- Moral Virtuesthe same as the good exercise of the faculty of reason—that is to say, the activity of rational soul in accordance with virtue. Moral virtues are exemplified by courage, temperance, and liberality- Intellectual Virtuesthe key intellectual virtues are wisdom, which governs ethical behaviour, and understanding,- Virtue Epistemologyemphasizes that our ability to find the truth depends in large part on theproper development and use of our intellectual virtues (pg. 115)Virtue epistemology emphasizes the important role that intellectual virtue should play in our pursuit of knowledge. (pg. 125)- EudaimoniaAristotle's notion of "happiness". Happiness is a well-being or excellence of the soul that is "in keeping with virtue." (pg. 116)- Hedonismthe belief that pleasure or happiness is the most important goal in life (dictionary) Not the kind of happiness"eudaimonia" that Aristotles speaks of (pg. 116)- Golden MeanAristotle defines virtue as a middle quality or characteristic (or golden mean) that promotes well-being in those who possess it. (pg. 116)- Vices of Excesssignifies a quality in a person who is too bold and brazen in the face of danger and is constantly ready to fight, even