PHIL 201STUDY GUIDE: LESSON 13Do We Need Justification?Lesson OverviewFrom our previous lessons we arrived at a basic understanding of what philosophers mean by “knowledge” and why they call for “justification” of beliefs. In this lesson we go further and ask,how does the structure of the mind relate to what should count as justification? And we ask, doesone have an obligation to make sure that he/she has good reasons for holding whatever beliefs he/she holds? Some say that if you believe something is true and can’t give a reason for believingit then you cannot reasonably claim to know that belief is true. This view is called internalism and it has a long and honored history in epistemology. In recent years, this view has been challenged by externalists who claim that there are at least some beliefs that we are reasonable tohold even though we don’t, and probably can’t, give a reason for holding them.TasksView and take notes on the presentation, “An Overview of Issues in Contemporary Justification, Part 1.” Be able to answer these questions:- What is a noetic structure, in brief? the structure of one’s system of beliefs. (part 1 slide 2)- What beliefs are included in one’s noetic structure?1. Includes the sum total of everything that a person believes-All false as well as true beliefs-Even beliefs we are not currently thinking about-Person centered: what is important to me might not be important to you2. Recognizes differing degrees of certainty firmness, and convictions3. CHARACTERIZED BY HOW BELIEFS ARE RELATED TOGETHER (part 1 slide 3)- What does that have to do with a continuum of beliefs?There is a continuum of degrees of belief. Some we hold very, very strongly; some we hold less strongly; some we hold less strongly than that. Some we may not hold very strongly at all. And our noetic structure recognizes that continuum. (part 1 slide 4)- What are the two main theories of how beliefs relate within ones noetic structure?Foundationalism and Coherentism (part 1 slide 5)- How does foundationalism describe the relations of beliefs within a noetic structure?all beliefs fall into two basic categories: you have some beliefs that we call basic beliefs, and then all other beliefs are called non-basic beliefs. (part 1 slide 6)- Exactly how do strong and moderate foundationalism differ?Strong- basic belief: selfevidential, incorrigible, evident to senses; basing relation: deductive, truthif basic guarantees truth of non-basicModerate- basic belief: selfevidential, indefeasible, prima facie justified; basing relation: induction,abduction, concurrence (part 1 slide 7&8)- Know the criticisms of strong foundationalism.Page 1 of 6PHIL 201the position that has come to be termes "strong foundationalism" or "classical foundationism" attempts to meet the uncertainty generated by liability to error and disagreement in the strongest possible terms: by grounding our entire edifice of knowledge on invincible certainty (part 1 slide 7)- What is the moderate foundationalist view of the basing relation, in terms of “access?”some Moderate Foundationalists do not believe one needs to access basic beliefs or be aware of structural relationships in order to be justified. This is called externalism. (part 1slide 8) - What is coherentism’s view of the basing relation, in terms of the doxastic assumption?what justifies a belief is that it coheres with other beliefs (part 1 slide 9) - Know the criticisms of coherentism.1. Problem of circularityHow do I justify my belief in P? It coheres with Q.2. The Isolation ProblemIsolated my belief from the external world; i.e. Christopher Columbus.3. The Plurality ProblemPossible to have 2 coherent systems that are logically incompatible. (part 1 slide 10)View and take notes on the presentation, “An Overview of Issues in Contemporary Justification, Part 2.” This presentation concentrates on the other question under the topic of justification: epistemic obligations. Be able to answer these questions:- What is the motivation that drives internalism?we have an epistemic obligation to form beliefs responsibly. This obligation can only be filled if we can justify our beliefs. (part 2 Slide 3)- What is the motivation behind externalism?This accords with out basic intuitions concerning most of our beliefs. (part 2 Slide 5)- How does externalism answer the question of quality control?- that some processes are more reliable than others. As long as the process is occurring in a regular way (they are working reliably or are functioning normally), then I have no reason to doubt them. I am justified in holding the beliefs that I arrived at by them. (part 2slide 6)- How does this presentation suggest bringing internalism and externalism together?Rapprochement1. some beliefs which we are warranted in holding which we do not seem to be able to justify. (memory & senses)2. there are some beliefs for which we do have an epistemic duty to withhold affirming without sufficient evidence.Read and take notes of Chapter 7 of How Do We Know? “Do We Need Justification?” This reading overlaps with material introduced in the presentations, but with some further details. Make sure you understand the following points and questions:Page 2 of 6PHIL 201Page 3 of 6PHIL 201- Explain what it means for a belief to be justified.to have evidence or reasons to back up the belief and being rational about those beliefs(pg. 95-96)- Explain the distinction between a belief being justified and a belief being true.A person can have all kinds of justification for a particular belief, yet the belief still may be false or misguided. Justification does not address whether or not a belief is true. Rather, it merely counts the belief as being rational and justified when it is supported by evidence and good reason. (pg. 96-97).- What is internal about internalism? Why is it called that?people have internal mental access to evidence or arguments to support their beliefs. Through introspection, people can be aware of what justifies the belief. (pg. 97)- According to internalism, if a person does not have good reason for what he/she believes,does that mean the belief is not true?People are not justified in their beliefs unless they have access to and awareness of the reasons that support their beliefs. (pg. 98)- Does internalism claim one must be consciously aware of one’s reasons in order to be justified for a belief?No. (pg. 97)- Explain Clifford’s brand of Evidentialism."It is