PHIL 201STUDY GUIDE: LESSON 9The Mind/Body ProblemLesson OverviewIn this lesson, we take on one of the most puzzling issues in metaphysics—the relationship between the immaterial mind and the material body. What is the nature of this relationship? Are there 2 substances, mind and body, or is it possible to reduce these to just 1 substance, mind or body? This is not just an abstract philosophical question, for it goes to the heart of who we are and has implications for psychology, morality, and theology.TasksView and take notes from the presentation, “The Mind/Body Problem.”View and take notes of the presentation, “Proposed Solutions to the Mind/Body Problem.”Read Chapter 3 of Metaphysics: Constructing a World View, “Minds and Bodies.” As you do, make sure you understand the following points and questions:- Know Hasker’s statement of the mystery of the mind and body (and its difference from the problem as stated in the power point presentations)."How are we to explain the fact, or what seems to be fact-that the very same entities, in particular human beings, are characterized, both by physical and mental properties." pg.58- Explain the distinction between mental and physical properties.Mental properties are non-physical. Including ideas, fear and sensations such as pain. It is the mind.Physical properties is the brain which has physical substances and has neurological actions. (Slide)- What is Behaviorism’s way of avoiding the problem?Philosophical behaviorism states that mental properties are really a special category of physical properties; specifically, behavioral properties of living organisms. Get rid of 1 group of properties (pg. 61)- What is Idealism’s way of avoiding the problem?Idealism holds that what we have termed physical properties are only in the minds of people. Get rid of one group of properties. (pg. 61)- Identify the problems with behaviorism and idealism.Behaviorism claims that mental states and processes are bits of behavior. Some experiences by nature, do not allow expression in overt behavior. (Dreaming) - pg. 64Idealism claims that physical objects are mental images. Seems immensely implausible. Runs so much again the grain of our normal beliefs. (pgs 64-65)- What is the meaning of dualism and dualistic interactionism?Dualism-A philosophical theory that human beings have both physical properties and mental properties.Page 1 of 5PHIL 201Dualistic interactionism-interaction of mental and physical properties (pg. 66)- What arguments/advantages of dualism and what are the problems with this view?Advantages-It recognizes the existence of both physical and mental properties of human beings.--it allows full scope for the scientific study of nature--it recognizes the existence of an immaterial or "spiritual" part of man so that certain aspects of human life cannot comprehend by scientific studies aloneProblems- Most frequent objection proceeds by attacking the assertion of mind-body interaction which is central to the theory. --is hard pressed to explain the extent of the minds dependency on the body as we actually find it.--problem of the souls of animals -do they have souls- Explain the meaning of materialism and the identity theory.Materialism: Brain only. No mind at all. No mental state, just physical (Slide)Identity theory: this theory doesn't deny that humans have both mental and physical attributes but says that both are attributes of the same thing--namely, a living human organism- Identify the arguments/advantages of materialism and problems with the view.Simplicity- it limits itself to the familiar material organism whose existence is indisputable and whose characteristics are readily amenable to scientific study.- Explain the meaning of emergentism.soul-field functions in accordance with its own inherent natural personalities, which include rational autonomy and moral freedom. Termed this because f the appearance or "emergence" of the soul-field as a result of the organization and functioning of the brain and nervous system- Compare and contrast the mind (soul) of dualism with emergentism.Emergentism readily accepts the multiple dependencies of the mind on the biological functioning of the brain and nervous system. Like dualism, it affirms interaction betweena persons mind and her body (pg. 74)- Know the following problem of life after death for emergentism (also note the problem mentioned in the power point presentations with epiphenomalism—it may hold with Hasker’s emergentism as well).Epiphenomalism-Mind is an emergent property of the brain but not vice versa. Mental isa by product of physical. Problem is Willful actions. Ex: When you willfully raise your hand to answer a question. (Slide)- Explain the meaning of John Hick’s view of resurrection as re-creation and the problems with such a view.--There can be multiple of one person as ling as they are similar, all are equal and claim to be original--One that is alive can be identical to the one that is dead--if smith is married, who would be the re-created smiths wife?Page 2 of 5PHIL 201TermsMake sure you can explain the following terms and concepts:- Substance Dualisma type ofdualism most famously defended by René Descartes, which states that there are two kinds of foundation: mental and body. This philosophy states that the mental cannot exist outside of the body, and the body cannot think.- Causal RelationshipWhen we have good reason to believe that events of one sort (the causes) are systematically related to events of someother sort (the effects), it may become possible for us to alter our environment by producing (or by preventing) the occurence of certain kinds of events.- ContiguityPhilosophy of mind, metaphysics If two objects are next to orsucceed each other, they are contiguous.- Priority1. the state or quality of being earlier in time,occurrence, etc.2. the right to precede others in order, rank,privilege, etc.; precedence.3. the right to take precedence in obtaining certain supplies, services, facilities, etc., especially duringa shortage.4. something given special attention.5. highest or higher in importance, rank, privilege,etc.- Necessary ConnectionIt is P's coming into contact with Q that causes the causal event to occur- The Mind/Body ProblemMind(non-physical) vs. Brain (physical)Mental state (idea) vs. Physical state (neurological actions of the brain) (Slide)- InteractionismMind/Brain interact in some way. Goes along with intuition, but doesn't solve