Chronology of Hominids and Humans2,000,000-200,000 BC Homo Erectus200,000-45,000 BC 50,000 BC- present NeanderthalHomo SapiensChronology of Prehistoric PeriodsPaleolithic 100,000-c. 12,500 BCOld stone age human burials, fire, language, tools, belief in Great Goddess, cave paintingsMesolithic 12,500-c. 8,500 BC Middle Stone Age improved hunting and fishing, smaller tools, bone jewelryNeolithic 8500-c. 3000 BC New Stone Age agriculture, domestication of animals, potteryJericho had stone defenses, and skulls to worship ancestors Catalhoyuk: bull shrines, fresco paintingsChronological PeriodsBronze Age 3000-1200 BCEarly Bronze Age 3000-2000 BC Sumerians, Egyptains, Cycladic Islanders, Early Helladic Greeks Middle Bronze Age 2000-1600 BC Babylonians, Minoans, Middle Helladic GreeksLate Bronze Age 1600-1200 BC Indo-Europeans, Hittites, Mycenean Greeks = Late Helladic GreeksIron Age = Dark Age 1200-900 BC AssyriansGeometric Period 900-700 BC Homer, HesiodTechnical TermsHominids- the modern or extinct bipedal primates of the family HominidaeAnimism- "soul, spirit" is the worldview that animals, plants, and inanimate object, possess a spiritual essence.Venus figurines- Figuries to promote fertility, shaped as female's body to represent Venus, goddess of beauty and loveAnthropomorphic- form of a humanTheriomorphic- a deity having an animal form.Bucrania- a skull of an ox was a common form of carved decoration used to fill the metopes in Doric temples.Polytheism- belief in or worship of more than one god.Monotheism- the belief in or worship of one god.Parthenogenesis- virgin birth, asexual reproductionVariant- a form or version of something that differs in some respect from other forms of the same thing or from a standard Syncretism- the amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought Personification- an imaginary person or creature conceived or figured to represent a thing or abstraction. the act of personifyingMillennium- a period of time equal to 1000 years(a)etiological myth- study of the causes, a myth that explains an origineponymous ancestor=eponym- a person after whom a discovery, invention, place, etc., is named or thought to be named.storm god- Zeustrickster- someone who deceives/cheatspatronymic: -id, ids, ides ("child of ...")- denoting or relating to a name derived from the name of a father or male ancestor ex- son of, daughter ofcuneiform- earliest known systems of writing, distinguished by its wedge-shaped markson clay tabletsLinear A- undeciphered earlier script used for writing the Minoan languageLinear B- syllabic script that was used for writing Mycenaean Greek, the earliest attested language form of GreekGreat Goddess- worshiped for the fertilely of humans, crops, domesticated AnimalsHesiodCreationTheogony- poem by Hesiod describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek godsChaos- primeval void, was the first thing which existed parent of Erebos, night, GaiaGaia- Mother Earth Mother of Uranus, Pontus, and many other titansTartarus- Prison for Titans and as a dungeon of torment and suffering for the wickedEros- personification of love son of Aphrodite or primordial godCupid- god of desire, erotic love, attraction and affection often portrayed as the son of the love goddess VenusAether- personification of the upper air son of Erebus and NightUranus (Ouranros)- god of the sky son of Gaia father of KronusTitans:Rhea- mother of gods, she was responsible for the way things flow in the kingdom of Cronus  sister-wife of Kronus daughter of Uranus and GaiaThemis- the personification of divine order, law, natural law and custom daughter of Gaia and UranusTethys- aquatic sea goddess sister and wife of Oceanus daughter of Gaia and UranusMnemosyne- personification of memory daughter of Uranus and Gaia mother of the nine Muses by ZeusKronos/Cronus- Titan of time, Ruler of the Titans father of Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, and Demeter son of Uranus and GaiaOcean(us)- the river that flowed around the Earth, Oceanus was the oldest Titan son of Uranus and Gaea husband of the Titan Thethys Father of 3000 stream spirits and 3000 ocean nymphs Cyclopes- One-eyed creatures, builders and craftsmender, crafted Zeus's thunbolt sons of Uranus and GaiaHecatoncheires- giant creatures who have one hundred hands of unfathomable strength, fought for Zeus against the Titans children of the Titans Uranus and GaeaAphrodite (Venus)- goddess of love and beauty, born form the foaming of Uranus's castrated sexual partsErinyes (Furies)- female deities of vengeance born from Gaia after Kronus castrated UranusPontus (Sea)- god of the sea son of GaiaMoirai:Clotho- One of the Fates, Clotho was responsible for spinning the thread of human life. She also controls people's livesLachesis- One of the Fates,Lachesis is the measurer of the thread spun on Clotho's spindleAtropos- One of the Fates, Atropos chose when to end a mortal's life by cutting their threadHesperides- The three nymphs were daughters of Night, entrusted with the care of the tree of the golden apples that grant immortalityAte (Folly)- Greek goddess of mischief, delusion, ruin, and folly daughter of ErisNemesis- goddess of revenge daughter of NightSea Creatures, Gods, and MonstersNereids- sea nymphs , fifty in total daughters of Nereus and DorisOceanids- sea nymphs who were the three thousand daughters of the Oceanus andTethys. Each was the patroness of a particular spring, river, sea, lake, pond, pasture, flower or cloud. ex. patroness of the Nile RiverCeto- a primordial sea goddess the daughter of Gaia and PontusIris- Messenger Goddess & RainbowLadon- Snake in Garden of the HersperidesCelestial ObjectsHelios (Sun)- personification and God of the Sun son of Hyperion and TheiaSelene (Moon)- goddess of the moon daughter of Hyperion and TheiaEos (Aurora) (Dawn)- goddess of the dawn daughter of Hyperion and TheiaZephyr- West WindBoreas - North WindZeus’ Victory Zeus- king of the gods, god of sky and thunder son of Kronos and Rhea, rebelled against Kronos and usurped himStyx- deity and a river that formed the boundary between Earth and the Underworld daughter of TethysPower- the personification of authority in all its forms son of Pallas and StyxForce- personification of force and raw energy daughter of Pallas and StyxVictory (Nike)- goddess who personified victory daughter of Pallas and StyxMt.