Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Chapter 2From Colonialism to GlobalizationWhat exactly is Globalization?Three Views of GlobalizationThe Hyperglobalist View:-We now live in a ‘borderless’ world in which the ‘national’ is no longer relevant.-The world is a “single globalized marketplace and village” Friedman 1999Three Views of GlobalizationThe skeptical view•The world economy was more open from 1870-1914 than it is today i.e. fewer trade barriers.•However, in the past the world economy was only engaged in trad e. Today, producti on and tra de of goods is international.European Profits 1500-1800Transformationalist View•Globalization is a highly uneven process.•Growing gap between ‘winners’ and ‘losers’Transformationalist ViewData taken from (Dikhanov 2005)Uneven DevelopmentUneven DevelopmentFor more data, see the UN Human Development IndexUneven development•The spatially and temporally uneven processes and outcomes (socio-economic and physical) that are characteristic of, and functional to, capitalism•First vs. Third World•Productive industrial region vs. lagging rural area•Inner-city vs. suburbUneven Development as the continuous geographic see-saw between DEVELOPMENT and UNDERDEVELOPMENT•The spatially and temporally uneven processes and outcomes (socio-economic and physical) that are characteristic of, and functional to, capitalism•First vs. Third World•Productive industrial region vs. lagging rural area•Inner-city vs. suburbUneven Development as the continuous geographic see-saw between DEVELOPMENT and UNDERDEVELOPMENTCreating the World System•Globalization has its roots in the Age of Colonialism and in the Industrial Revolution.•World system has shifted from state-run colonial empires to corporate/state-run globalization.•Different actors, similar outcomes.Geographers and ExplorationGeography and exploration•Environmental determinism•It is the belief that social and cultural differences between human groups can ultimately be traced to differences in their physical environment. •In other words, the land shapes the culture.•Example: “Hot climates produce lazy people”.European expansion•Why did Europeans begin exploring?•High population density•Competition for resources within Europe•Technological advancementsSlavery & the Industrial RevolutionColonial periods•16th century, Spain and Portugal and the ‘New World’.Colonialism & Plantations•17th century, ‘Atlantic’ colonialism centered around slavery and plantationsColonial Periods•18th century European (mostly British and Dutch) domination of Asia.•19th century building of European land empires in Africa and Asia and the emergence of the USA as a colonial power.The Scramble for AfricaThe Scramble for Africa by 1914Colonial periods•1900-1945, maturing of colonial export economies•Post WWII period of independence struggles – DECOLONIZATION.•Globalization as the ‘new imperialism’?Key aspects of colonialism, imperialism, and globalization1. These are all processes that continually shape and change the map.2. These are uneven processes: their benefits and risks are distributed unequally. In other words, ‘development’ is never a neutral process.3. The democratic content of these processes of development is key.Assessing colonial relationshipsThe Tennessee Valley Authority and Rural Electrification.Imposed by the federalgovernment on rural areas.Was this good or bad?Internal ColonialismColonialism is not just a relationship between countries.The U.S. South has long existed as an internal colony, meaning in a relationship of inequality between the South and other dominant regions.Neocolonialism – Shell in NigeriaThe Modern World System•Core•Regions that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have highly productive, diversified economies.•Dominance depends on exploiting other regions.•Example: the United States, Western Europe, Japan. China?The Modern World System•Peripheral regions•Dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships, obsolete technologies, and undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies.•Includes most of the world except N. America, Western Europe, and Japan.*Dominated by core regions via (neo)colonialism and imperialism.The Modern World System•Semi-peripheral regions•Regions that are able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves dominated and exploited by core regions.•Mexico, India, South Korea, Brazil for example.*Dominated by the core, dominates the