Chapter 2 From Colonialism to Globalization What exactly is Globalization Three Views of Globalization The Hyperglobalist View We now live in a borderless world in which the national is no longer relevant The world is a single globalized marketplace and village Friedman 1999 Three Views of Globalization The skeptical view The world economy was more open from 1870 1914 than it is today i e fewer trade barriers However in the past the world economy was only engaged in trade Today production and trade of goods is international European Profits 1500 1800 Transformationalist View Globalization is a highly uneven process Growing gap between winners and losers Transformationalist View Data taken from Dikhanov 2005 Uneven Development Uneven Development For more data see the UN Human Development Index Uneven development The uneven The spatially spatiallyand andtemporally temporally uneven processes socioprocessesand andoutcomes outcomes socioeconomic that are economicand andphysical physical that are characteristic functional to to characteristicof of and and functional capitalism capitalism First vs Third World First vs Third World Productive industrial region vs lagging Productive industrial region vs lagging rural area rural area Inner city vs suburb Inner city vs suburb Uneven Development as the continuous Unevengeographic Development as the continuous see saw between geographic see saw between DEVELOPMENT and UNDERDEVELOPMENT Creating the World System Globalization has its roots in the Age of Colonialism and in the Industrial Revolution World system has shifted from state run colonial empires to corporate state run globalization Different actors similar outcomes Geographers and Exploration Geography and exploration Environmental determinism It is the belief that social and cultural differences between human groups can ultimately be traced to differences in their physical environment In other words the land shapes the culture Example Hot climates produce lazy people European expansion Why did Europeans begin exploring High population density Competition for resources within Europe Technological advancements Slavery the Industrial Revolution Colonial periods 16th century Spain and Portugal and the New World Colonialism Plantations 17th century Atlantic colonialism centered around slavery and plantations Colonial Periods 18th century European mostly British and Dutch domination of Asia 19th century building of European land empires in Africa and Asia and the emergence of the USA as a colonial power The Scramble for Africa The Scramble for Africa by 1914 Colonial periods 1900 1945 maturing of colonial export economies Post WWII period of independence struggles DECOLONIZATION Globalization as the new imperialism Key aspects of colonialism imperialism and globalization 1 These are all processes that continually shape and change the map 2 These are uneven processes their benefits and risks are distributed unequally In other words development is never a neutral process 3 The democratic content of these processes of development is key Assessing colonial relationships The Tennessee Valley Authority and Rural Electrification Imposed by the federal government on rural areas Was this good or bad Internal Colonialism Colonialism is not just a relationship between countries The U S South has long existed as an internal colony meaning in a relationship of inequality between the South and other dominant regions Neocolonialism Shell in Nigeria The Modern World System Core Regions that dominate trade control the most advanced technologies and have highly productive diversified economies Dominance depends on exploiting other regions Example the United States Western Europe Japan China The Modern World System Peripheral regions Dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships obsolete technologies and undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies Includes most of the world except N America Western Europe and Japan Dominated by core regions via neo colonialism and imperialism The Modern World System Semi peripheral regions Regions that are able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves dominated and exploited by core regions Mexico India South Korea Brazil for example Dominated by the core dominates the periphery 1800 1900 2000