FUEL SOURCE Types Energy Efficiency Formation Collection Methods Devices Natural Gas 20 25 50 90 by volume methane smaller amounts of heavy hydrocarbons butane propane High Net Energy Yields Easily Transported by pipelines Coal 20 25 Lignite low heat sulfur limited supply Bituminous high heat large supply high sulfur used most Anthracite high heat low sulfur low supply High Net Energy Mining land plants buried 400 mya Strip Mining contour and area combustion Pit Mining open Subsurface technology well mines mtn top removal developed Petroleum crude oil Gasoline Diesel Naphtha Asphalt Petrochemicals High Net Energy not primarily plankton deposits 2 140mya based on distillation Tar all oil is able to be forms in porous rock material drill Oil 35 40 Sand bitumen Oil Shales recovered primary secondary tertiary recovery mine for uranium 238 most Light Water Reactors Low net energy gain abundant with only 0 7 235 Nuclear 6 8 Uranium 235 Plutonium 239 to run build Know the reactor DIAGRAM heat contained in underground system from wells are drilled to extract dry Geothermal mantle Very high efficiency steam wet steam or hot water Hydroelectric 10 electric Biomass Wind Solar Hydrogen Moving waterway systems large rivers or smaller stream areas High efficiency burning of wood or manure developing or biofuels efficient if used ethanol methanol sustainably not all areas suitable produced from the warming of the earth s surface moderate to high SUNLIGHT hydrogen fuel hard to contain low efficiency high net energy gain solar cells High efficiency but moderate to low net energy gain b c of cost Pollution Adverse Land Impacts Ample Supply lies above most small amount of Hydrogen reservoirs of crude oil formed from Sulfide releases buried phytoplankton Drill for it moderate environmental form pipelines LPG butane propane CO2 methane leaks LNG methane Highly Flammable GHG much cleaner than coal impacts easily transported Large scale high dams large rivers reservoir system small scale low dam Burning or bacteria chemical processes to convert to biofuels Turbines used to connect to generator to produce electricity passive location of house awnings active photovoltaic devices power towers solar ponds High emissions of carbon dioxide GHG releases mercury into the air sulfur dioxide acid deposition High land use erosion acid mine drainage water very high environmental impact heavy metal runoff acid mine drainage Long distance pipelines Carbon dioxide nitrous water pollution runoxides given off GHG smog off moderate overall land transportation effects use minimal land impact with no major accidents TMI radioactive waste storage Chernobyl yikes little carbon dioxide emissions hydrogen sulfide Low land disturbance but corrosive gases released not suitable everywhere habitat destruction decrease high carbon dioxide emission in fish harvest below dam from rotting vegetation in decreases silt fertilizer flow reservoirs floods natural areas Biodiesel less carbon soil erosion water pollution dioxide emissions ethanol loss of wildlife agriculture some CO2 reduction ethanol raises food prices noise visual disruption bird Free energy once built no deaths large land area carbon dioxide emissions needed Low environmental impact no carbon dioxide emissions hydrogen fuel cells only emits only water vapor if it is renewable if hydrogen is extracted a true hydrogen fuel cell car from water not renewable if not a hybrid version few extracted from fossil fuels moving parts efficient high land use area power towers disruption of desert ecosystems need back ups old fuel cells solid waste causes embrittlement in parts used 60