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Berkeley CHEM 1A - Chemistry 1AL Review

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Chemistry 1AL ReviewExperiment 1: How the Nose Knows- Bond-line Notations- Functional Groups: Esters carboxylic acid has an OH instead of an OR - Isomers: Same molecular formula, different atomic connections.Shape is important!!! MIRRORED STRUCTURAL ISOMERS are different! Experiment 2: Polymer Properities and Applications- Repeating unit in a polymer: monomer that is repeated to make the extended chain- Addition vs. condensation polymers: in condensation polymers, OH is removed from monomer and released as water in the product side of repeating unit formation. In addition polymerization, the monomer is the same as the repeating unit. - Function Group: Alcohol R-C-OH- IMF: Heat stability; more polar, higher molecular weight, higher density=larger boiling point. Solubility; polar dissolves in polar, nonpolar dissolves in nonpolar. Density; less branching=more dense- Homopolymer vs. Copolymer: a homopolymer consists of the same monomer while a copolymer is composed of different monomersExperiment 3: Polymers Crosslinking- Copolymer: a polymer of two or more different monomers- Crosslinking: the joining of adjacent chains of a polymer or protein by creating covalent bonds. Hydrogen bonds/hydrogen acceptors of different polymers create the covalent bond. - Bond dipole goes from less electronegative (+) to more electronegative O H- More crosslinking increases viscosity due to the strong hydrogen bonds- Functional groups: Boronate- IMFs: dipole-dipole; two molecules approach each other and the partial negative charge of one side of the first polar molecule causes the partial positive charge of the other polar molecule to rotate and be attracted and bond to the first polar molecule. LDF; nonpolar molecules, weakest of the intermolecular forces. LDF AND DIPOLE DIPOLE AND VAN DER WAALS ARE ALL THE SAME Difference between H bond and covalent bond; Hydrogen bond=strong differences in electronegativity between hydrogen and a very electronegative element (N,F,O) while covalent bond=sharing of electrons by two nonmetalsExperiment 4: Toy Contest- Graph Data: y-axis=variable we are observing, x-axis=variablewe change/control to observe change in results- Crosslinking was the interaction that attracted two polymer strands- Weak forces=LDF, medium forces=Hydrogen bonds, strongestforces=covalent bondingExperiment 5: Polymer ContestExperiment 6: Equilibrium/Bio Ink- Le Chautlier’s Principle: adding stress causes reaction to shift away from stress. We can use indicators to predict which way the reaction shifts, as well as to identify where equilibrium occurs. - Equilibrium: rate of forward reaction = rate of backward reaction- K=[Products]/[Reactants] - K>>1=completely dissociates, K<1=doesn’t dissolveExperiment 7: Depolymerization and Titration- Strong acid/base: Dissociates completely- Weak acid/base: Barely dissociates- pKa=-log(Ka) - pH=pKa at equivalence point. Equivalence point is when the concentration of weak acid equals the concentration of the anion. - pH=7 at equilibrium for titration of strong base with strong acid and vice versaExperiment 8: Titration of Strong Base/Weak Base- Limiting reagent: reactant that limits the amount of product made; reactant that is used up first- Know how to find starting amount of moles and final amount of moles. From this, know RICE tables and how to find the pHat equivalence point. Experiment 9: Biofuels I: Ecotoxicity Assay and Synthesis- Know how to calculate amount of moles given density and weight- LD50: lethal dose to kill 50% of organisms tested. Units=g molecule/kg organism- Know solubility properties based on IMF (discussed in Experiment 2 review) Experiment 10: Biofuels II- If a material is used up, that will likely mean it will not be soluble in water. - Viscosity=resistance to flowExperiment 11: Biofuels III: Combustion- Heat of combustion=amount of heat energy released when a substance is completely burned- Burning: complete oxidation for a chemical-∑∆ H ⁰ rxn=∑∆ H ⁰ products-∑∆ H ⁰ reactants- Calorimetry: measures amount of heat produced in a reaction by burning. - -q(fuel)=q(water) - q(water)=m(water)*C(pwater)*∆T(water) - qcal = -qcombustion = Ccal × ΔT - qcombustion = ΔHcomb × (moles Ethanol) - -(ΔHcomb × (moles Ethanol))/ΔT =


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Berkeley CHEM 1A - Chemistry 1AL Review

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