Chemistry 1AL Review Experiment 1 How the Nose Knows Bond line Notations Functional Groups Esters carboxylic acid has an OH instead of an OR Isomers Same molecular formula different atomic connections Shape is important MIRRORED STRUCTURAL ISOMERS are different Experiment 2 Polymer Properities and Applications Repeating unit in a polymer monomer that is repeated to make the extended chain Addition vs condensation polymers in condensation polymers OH is removed from monomer and released as water in the product side of repeating unit formation In addition polymerization the monomer is the same as the repeating unit Function Group Alcohol R C OH IMF Heat stability more polar higher molecular weight higher density larger boiling point Solubility polar dissolves in polar nonpolar dissolves in nonpolar Density less branching more dense Homopolymer vs Copolymer a homopolymer consists of the same monomer while a copolymer is composed of different monomers Experiment 3 Polymers Crosslinking Copolymer a polymer of two or more different monomers Crosslinking the joining of adjacent chains of a polymer or protein by creating covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds hydrogen acceptors of different polymers create the covalent bond Bond dipole goes from less electronegative to more electronegative O H More crosslinking increases viscosity due to the strong hydrogen bonds Functional groups Boronate IMFs dipole dipole two molecules approach each other and the partial negative charge of one side of the first polar molecule causes the partial positive charge of the other polar molecule to rotate and be attracted and bond to the first polar molecule LDF nonpolar molecules weakest of the intermolecular forces LDF AND DIPOLE DIPOLE AND VAN DER WAALS ARE ALL THE SAME Difference between H bond and covalent bond Hydrogen bond strong differences in electronegativity between hydrogen and a very electronegative element N F O while covalent bond sharing of electrons by two nonmetals Experiment 4 Toy Contest Graph Data y axis variable we are observing x axis variable we change control to observe change in results Crosslinking was the interaction that attracted two polymer strands Weak forces LDF medium forces Hydrogen bonds strongest forces covalent bonding Experiment 5 Polymer Contest Experiment 6 Equilibrium Bio Ink Le Chautlier s Principle adding stress causes reaction to shift away from stress We can use indicators to predict which way the reaction shifts as well as to identify where equilibrium occurs Equilibrium rate of forward reaction rate of backward reaction K Products Reactants K 1 completely dissociates K 1 doesn t dissolve Experiment 7 Depolymerization and Titration Strong acid base Dissociates completely Weak acid base Barely dissociates pKa log Ka pH pKa at equivalence point Equivalence point is when the concentration of weak acid equals the concentration of the anion pH 7 at equilibrium for titration of strong base with strong acid and vice versa Experiment 8 Titration of Strong Base Weak Base Limiting reagent reactant that limits the amount of product made reactant that is used up first Know how to find starting amount of moles and final amount of moles From this know RICE tables and how to find the pH at equivalence point Experiment 9 Biofuels I Ecotoxicity Assay and Synthesis Know how to calculate amount of moles given density and weight LD50 lethal dose to kill 50 of organisms tested Units g molecule kg organism Know solubility properties based on IMF discussed in Experiment 2 review Experiment 10 Biofuels II If a material is used up that will likely mean it will not be soluble in water Viscosity resistance to flow Experiment 11 Biofuels III Combustion Heat of combustion amount of heat energy released when a substance is completely burned Burning complete oxidation for a chemical H rxn H products H reactants Calorimetry measures amount of heat produced in a reaction by burning q fuel q water q water m water C pwater T water qcal qcombustion Ccal T qcombustion Hcomb moles Ethanol Hcomb moles Ethanol T Ccal