1/14/15Communication-the process through which people use messages to generate meanings within and across contexts, cultures, channels and media.Public communication- the process of preparing and delivering a message to an audience to achieve a specific purpose.Communication is a processRequires stepsMay not be linearIs dynamicSource- the person who creates the message and chooses one or more channels for sending it.Encoding- the process of using cognitive skills to create a message ready for transmission to receivers.Message- the content/information shared with others.Channel- the means through which the message is shared.Receiver- the individuals for whom the message is intended.Decoding- the process of using cognitive skills to interpret the message.Frame of reference- an individual’s set of experiences, values, goals, attitudes and moods.Feedback- the receiver’s response to a message.Noise- distraction/interference that affects how the message is received.Extra notes pg 83 different models of comm1. Linear modelcomm is one way (start point and end point)components: message, channel, sender, receiver, noise2. interactive modelcombo of 2 linear models: sender, receiver and receiver to sendersame components of linear plus feedback, frames of reference.3. Transactional modelcomm is built (mutual influence)each person is both a sender and receiver.Differences between public comm and the general comm model1. feedbacks is one way in the public model.2. Source’s communication is intentional in public communication.3. Messages are practiced and performed in public communication.4. Messages tend to be researched in public communication.Purposes of pubic comm:1. To inform- to convey information2. To persuade- to influence attitudes and or behavior3. To entertain- to amuse the audienceSender receiver disconnectSenders create a message using their experience and knowledge.Receivers interpret that messages using their own experience and knowledge.1/21/15trait personality:EnduringHabitualConsistent across time and situationState personality:TransientVaries depending on the time and situationTypes of communication traits:1. apprehension2. Aggression3. Presentational4. Adaptationcommunication apprehension (CA)- the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another person.Causes of CA: nature vs nuture1. Genetics (nature)biological/heritable2. Environment (nuture)upbringing/external influencesspecifically, long term negative reinforcement4 types of CA:1. Trait Based CAexperiencing CA across most contexts, with most audiences, across time.Enduring but not impossible to changeMore than 30% of Americans consider themselves CA2. Context Based CAexperiencing CA toward a single communication context, regardless of the audience present.For Example:Public speaking, group discussion, meetings, interpersonal3. Audience Based CA:experiencing CA toward a specific person or group regardless of the context in which it occurs.EX: cop4. situation based CA:Experiencing CA in a specific context:Context, receiver and timeEffects of CA on public messages:Internal effects:PsychologicalDiscomfort characterized by feeling a lack of control over the situation.PhysiologicalRapid heart rate, increased perspiration, dry mouth, shakiness.Behavioral effects:AvoidanceWithdrawalShortening speech, volume gets quieter, eye contact decreases, fidgety movement.How to deal with CACognitive therapiesProcess of learning to identify and dispute irrational thoughts.Systematic desensitizationTraining in relaxation techniquesSkills trainingTraining in public communication1/26/15Constructive aggression:produces satisfactionimproves relationshipsDestructive aggression:Produces dissatisfactionDeteriorates relationshipsSymbolic aggression:Verbal or nonverbalCauses psychological harmPhysical aggression:Involves physical contactCauses physical harm3 types of aggressive communication traits1. Assertiveness (constructive/symbolic)Tendency to be interpersonally dominant and forceful.Constructive aggressive communication.2. Argumentativeness (constructive/symbolic)Motivation to attack another person’s argument or position on an issue.Constructive aggressive communicationArgumentativeness and public communication:Benefits when creating the messageIncreasing curiosity, increased learningReduced egocentric thinkingSee things from others’ perspectivesIncreased creativityBenefits when delivering the messageSeen as more dynamic, expert, interested in the situation, skillful at arguingLess likely to become verbally aggressiveSeen as more communicatively competent3. Verbal aggression- (destructive and symbolic and can lead to physical)Motivation to attack another person’s feelings or self-concept (instead of their position on a topic)Destructive aggressive communicationMay be caused by argument skill deficiency1/28/15Communicator stylePresentational Comm. TraitThe way one verbally/paraverbally communicated to indicate how the content of a message should be interpreted.9 styles: dominant, dramatic, contentious, animated, impression leaving, relaxed, attentive, open, friendlyHearingPhysiological processOccurs when sound waves are received by the ear and brainListeningMental processInvolves paying close attention to messages and making sense of themThe importance of listeningMost people are poor listeners10-25% is lost of original messages after 24 hoursBeing a skilled listener can…increase relationship satisfactionmake you more successful at workhelp you improve your speaking skillsFactors and problems involved in listening1. situational distractionsEX: loud Starbucks2. source distractionsEX: crying girlfriend3. Medium distractionsEX: texting on cell phone with bad reception4. Focusing on the message5. Bias (about the issue and the speaker)EX: political speakers6. Listening anxiety and apprehensionFactors that influence listeningBorn or madeIntelligenceAnxiety/stressNegative attitudeCulture (gender roles, attitudes, interest)Content (poor/disorganized speaker)Mediation (presence, visuals, noise)Which sex listens better?GirlsEffective listeningA. reducing distractionsEX: putting down phone while talking to someoneB. thought speech differentialC. listener apprehensionExperienced when a listening situation is perceived as threatening/difficultInterferes with ability to process messages2/2/15Critical thinking- the process of purposeful, self regulatory judgmentThe purpose is to form a well reasoned and fair minded