Key Concepts Nucleotides consist of a sugar phosphate group and nitrogencontaining base Ribonucleotides polymerize to form RNA Deoxyribonucleotides polymerize to form DNA DNA s primary structure consists of a sequence of nitrogencontaining bases its secondary structure consists of two DNA strands running in opposite directions held together by complementary base pairing and twisted into a double helix DNA s structure allows organisms to store and replicate the information needed to grow and reproduce 2011 Pearson Education Inc Key Concepts RNA s primary structure consists of a sequence of nitrogencontaining bases Its secondary structure includes short regions of double helices and structures called hairpins RNA was likely the first self replicating molecule and a forerunner to the first life form 2011 Pearson Education Inc What Is a Nucleic Acid A nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotide monomers Nucleotides are each composed of a phosphate group a sugar and a nitrogenous base The sugar is ribose in ribonucleotides and deoxyribose in deoxyribonucleotides There are two groups of nitrogenous bases purines adenine guanine pyrimidines cytosine uracil and thymine Uracil U is found only in ribonucleotides and thymine T is found only in deoxyribonucleotides 2011 Pearson Education Inc 2011 Pearson Education Inc Could Chemical Evolution Produce Nucleotides Simulations of chemical evolution have not yet produced nucleotides Sugars and purines are easily made but pyrimidines and ribose are not easily synthesized Ribose problem Ribose would have had to have been dominant on ancient Earth for nucleic acids to form 2011 Pearson Education Inc Nucleotides Polymerize to Form Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids form when nucleotides polymerize A condensation reaction forms a phosphodiester linkage phosphodiester bond between the phosphate group on the 5 carbon of one nucleotide and the OH group on the 3 carbon of another Types of nucleotides involved Ribonucleotides which contain the sugar ribose and form RNA Deoxyribonucleotides which contain the sugar deoxyribose and form DNA 2011 Pearson Education Inc 2011 Pearson Education Inc The Sugar Phosphate Backbone Is Directional The sugar phosphate backbone of a nucleic acid is directional one end has an unlinked 5 carbon and the other end has an unlinked 3 carbon The nucleotide sequence is written in the 5 3 direction This reflects the sequence in which nucleotides are added to a growing molecule This nucleotide sequence comprises the nucleic acid s primary structure 2011 Pearson Education Inc 2011 Pearson Education Inc The Polymerization of Nucleic Acids Is Endergonic Polymerization of nucleic acids is an endergonic process catalyzed by enzymes Energy for polymerization comes from the phosphorylation of the nucleotides Phosphorylation is the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to a substrate molecule This raises the potential energy of the substrate and enables endergonic reactions In nucleic acid polymerization two phosphates are transferred creating a nucleoside triphosphate 2011 Pearson Education Inc 2011 Pearson Education Inc What Is the Nature of DNA s Secondary Structure Erwin Chargaff established two empirical rules for DNA 1 The total number of purines and pyrimidines is the same 2 The numbers of A s and T s are equal and the numbers of C s and G s are equal 2011 Pearson Education Inc Watson and Crick s Model of DNA s Secondary Structure James Watson and Francis Crick determined 1 DNA strands run in an antiparallel configuration 2 DNA strands form a double helix The hydrophilic sugar phosphate backbone faces the exterior Nitrogenous base pairs face the interior 3 Purines always pair with pyrimidines Specifically strands form complementary base pairs AT and G C A T have two hydrogen bonds C G have three hydrogen bonds DNA has two different sized grooves the major groove and the minor groove 2011 Pearson Education Inc 2011 Pearson Education Inc 2011 Pearson Education Inc 2011 Pearson Education Inc Summary of DNA s Secondary Structure DNA s secondary structure consists of two antiparallel strands twisted into a double helix The molecule is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions in its interior and by hydrogen bonding between the complementary base pairs A T and G C 2011 Pearson Education Inc DNA Contains Biological Information DNA can store and transmit biological information The language of nucleic acids is contained in the sequence of the bases DNA carries the information required for the growth and reproduction of all cells 2011 Pearson Education Inc How Does DNA Replicate Complementary base pairing provides a simple mechanism for DNA replication each strand can serve as a template for the formation of a new complementary strand DNA replication requires two steps 1 Separation of the double helix 2 Hydrogen bonding of deoxyribonucleotides with complementary bases on the original template strand followed by phosphodiester bond formation to form the complementary strand 2011 Pearson Education Inc 2011 Pearson Education Inc Is DNA a Catalytic Molecule DNA s stability makes it a reliable store for genetic information it is less reactive than RNA but more resistant to chemical degradation Stable molecules such as DNA make poor catalysts Because DNA does not appear to be able to catalyze any chemical reaction biologists think that the first life form was made of RNA not DNA 2011 Pearson Education Inc RNA Structure and Function Like DNA RNA has a primary structure consisting of a sugarphosphate backbone formed by phosphodiester linkages and extending from that backbone a sequence of four types of nitrogenous bases The primary structure of RNA differs from DNA in two ways 1 RNA contains uracil instead of thymine 2 RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose The presence of the OH group on ribose makes RNA much more reactive and less stable than DNA 2011 Pearson Education Inc RNA s Secondary Structure RNA s secondary structure results from complementary base pairing The bases of RNA typically form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the same strand The RNA strand folds over forming a hairpin structure the bases on one side of the fold align with an antiparallel RNA segment on the other side of the fold RNA molecules can have tertiary and quaternary structures 2011 Pearson Education Inc 2011 Pearson Education Inc 2011 Pearson Education Inc RNA s Versatility RNA is structurally chemically and functionally intermediate between DNA and proteins Like