Exam 3 EXPANSION DISUNION 1830S 1876 ECONOMIC SOCIAL CHANGE BANKS Created money or credit lending it to business borrowers investors Commercial banks are money machines that transmit the cash or credit they create to businessmen who need it can put it to productive use System depends on prudence to work successfully Serious national panics occurred 1819 1837 1857 ushered in long economic downturn Pre civil war banks also provided paper money people used in daily buying selling 2nd BUS 1816 had little trouble keeping its circulation of paper notes as good as gold CORPORATIONS Have to get state legislature to sign of State legislature may give corp something special to themselves Tend to be unstable Makes American an attractive place for European investors Free banking TRANSPORTATION Transportation revolution Walk horse boat before 1800s Trains steamships canals etc into 1850s easier to get from point A to B Manufactured goods can travel from coast to interior ROLE OF GOVERNMENT The eerie canal connects Hudson river to great lakes BIG DEAL NY becomes leading metropolitan of the nation Corporate charters give you land states will do this to get a profit Era of very hands on gov trying to encourage economic gov NATURAL RESOURSES Gold silver US lacking in it US does have timber coal wheat grains cotton leading industrial good of the era Cotton industrial revolution starts here Eli Whitney invents cotton gin Textile mills create huge demand for cotton Cotton is nations major export How US pays for industrial revolution Diferences in North and south CITIES LABOR People being replaced by machines not enough people to fill demand of labor Standardized mass produced goods Move from skilled labor to semi skilled labor Paid less worked harder Work placed extremely dangerous added stress to employees Unions not very successful except in the steel business All this still better than in Britain Europe better wages POPULATION GROWTH Large immigration to America around 1844 1852 Social political consequences Irish coming over ate catholic have always been poor before coming to the US Immigration brings fear Major economic boom to country provides laborers help country expand Most immigrants end up in the north Explosive population growth in the north WOMEN FAMILY Women In house is greater emphasized 1830s 1840s schools for women higher education RELIGION One way middle class diferentiates themselves from upper class Greater emphasis on individual salvation 2nd great awakening Growing awareness that slavery may be religiously wrong Charles Finney Preacher MORMONISM CH 9 BOOK EDUCATION In America the upgrading of labor force skills literacy and discipline was the result of the system of public education Horace Mann lawyer who gave up successful legal practice to become Secretary of the Mass Board of education in 1837 TECHNOLOGY Evan mill grains Eli Whitney cotton gin a single laborer could do the work of 50 hand cleaners using the gin Robert Fulton paddle wheeled steamboat the Clermont advances in inland navigation still a problem of transportation where there were no natural waterways First major turnpike in the country was the Philadelphia Lancaster road in Pennsylvania in 1794 Solution to transportation being more expensive by land than water was canals First major American railroad was the Baltimore and Ohio chartered In 1828 The most dynamic development of the antebellum economy was the rise of the factory system initially in southern new England BANK GROWTH The 1st modern American commercial bank was the bank of north America chartered by congress in 1781 located in Philadelphia 1st BUS lent money but before demise in 1811 it took functions of a central bank It sought to control stabilize entire economy 2nd BUS larger than the first sought to provide balance wheel for economy bank triggered major panic and depression GOV ACTIONS Jefersonian continued to fear federal state intrusion into private afairs as a danger to political freedom Citizens influenced by laissez faire ideas of English economist Adam Smith believed that gov intervention would only hamper economic growth The federal tarif system proposed by Hamilton implemented by republicans In 1816 by making imports more expensive protected American manufacturers against foreign competition induced capitalists to risk their money investing in factories and mills NORTH WEST Cotton king in south wheat king in agricultural north Labor was problem to northern farmers when crop had to be gathered quickly not enough labor to go around LAND POLICY Encouraged agricultural productivity Land act of 1804 lowered the minimum price to 1 64 an acre and reduced the smallest amount purchasable to 160 acres Federal land policies not consistent Panic of 1837 stemmed in part from western land speculation Many cleared some unsurveyed acres and farmed illegally squatters risked losing fences barns houses and land itself when the tract they settled improved and was finally ofered for sale by gov Pre emption act allow those who illegally occupied portions of public domain on or before 1829 to buy up to 160 acres before others were allowed to bid Home stead act give free land to all bona fide settlers REFORM CULTURE SOCIAL REFORM voluntary associations Adapting to rapid change Religious roots churches perfectionism Jacksonian context removing impediments to individual process temperance alcohol education illiteracy ignorance asylum crime mental illness abolition slavery utopian communities competitive ethic ROMANTIC THOUGHT LITERATURE Conditions for literary surge Romanticism departure from enlightenment Transcendentalism Emerson Thoreau The dark side Poe Hawthorne Melville Wilderness civilization cooper Popular reading bible how to guides gothic romances CULT OF TRUE WOMANHOOD DOMESTICITY Purity sex Piety religious Domesticity Submissiveness Public vs private sphere Harriet Beecher Stowe Morale reform movements perfectionism Enforced by media Woman help men not sin it s a choice Woman submissive to men Cult efort to deal with all the change TEMPERANCE Alcohol Lack of self restraint Economic issues Biggest reform movement Allows woman to criticize men for failing EDUCATION LITERACY IGNORANCE cause Expansion of voting rights Perfectionism results Increase funding Lengthened school year Division in grades Standardized textbooks Horace Mann board of education secretary ASYLUM Crime mental illness Dorothea Dix state mental hospitals ABOLITION SLAVERY 1831 Mana