Com 132For TodayAdminAssignment #1NewsJanet JacksonParental MediationMediationSlide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14News - IndiaHow do we make an argument?Content Analysis RevisitedSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20Operational DefinitionsSlide 22ProcedureSelection of the unit of analysisFor NTVS,Unit of analysisMeasuresCoding for NTVSSampleExampleDefinitions of VariablesSlide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36CodingResultsSlide 39Slide 40Slide 41DiscussionSlide 43For WednesdayLECT 5M – 10/26/15Com 132For TodayAdminExam 40-60 multiple choice - covers:Lectures, Readings (not additional), no additional news other than what we discussed in class, Helpful to review class lecture notes and compare to your personal notes, outline chapters.Assignment #1NewsGenderAdvertisingContent AnalysisAdminClass discussions through Wednesday will be on midterm.Readings through Week 5 will be on midterm.Assignment #1Available on my.ucla.eduNews'Homeland is racist': Artists hide subversive graffiti in hit TV showJanet JacksonWhy was it different?Parental MediationMeaning of television changes with whom you view content.MediationRESTRICTIVE Rules for viewing: times, channels, types of shows EVALUATIVE Talk with child before viewing: predicting, abstract Interact with child during viewing: answer/pose questions, add supplemental information, gage understanding Discuss with child after viewing: summary of content viewed, analysis of content viewed UNFOCUSED Unintentional modeling of viewing behavior, or commentary about contentItalian Al Jazeera ClipNewsWGA Report Gender Inequality in Screenwritinghttp://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-writers-guild-report-writers-20140414,0,2735941.story?track=rss#axzz2yyl2fkp8http://www.wga.org/uploadedFiles/who_we_are/hwr14execsum.pdfNews - IndiaDeepika Padukone: Why Bollywood stars are speaking out on sexismhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29203235India's leading newspaper The Times of India has been fiercely criticised after it published a photo and tweet about actress Deepika Padukone's cleavage.How do we make an argument?Content Analysis RevisitedObjective- carefully defined categories so that every person would agreeSystematic- procedure applied the same way for all contentQuantitative- recording frequenciesManifest content- not implied, suggested, intended.NewsPTC Study on Profanityhttp://www.parentstv.org/PTC/publications/reports/2010ProfanityStudy/study.pdfOperational DefinitionsWhat are you measuring.Defining constructs, concepts, in concrete measurable terms. They should not be comprised of other concepts in need of definition.Operational DefinitionsEasy to understandClear so everyone understands exactly what is being measuredFor inter-coder reliabilityTo make comparisons with other studiesProcedureSelection of the unit of analysisConstruction of categoriesSampling of contentReliability of codingSelection of the unit of analysisOccurrences, frequencies,How many times, per show,Words, Scenes, ShowsFor NTVS, Definition of violenceViolence is defined as any overt depiction of a credible threat of physical force or the actual use of such force intended to physically hurt an animate being or group of beings.Unit of analysisIncident (PAT)Use PAT to include contextual informationPerpetrator, Act, TargetScene a series of violent actsProgramSome programs might have a lot of violence, yet not with adverse affects (war documentaries).MeasuresType of violenceNature of who, why, punishment, reward, humor, realism, etc.Coding for NTVSReliability of coders55 research assistants60 hours of practice and trainingOnly proficient coders were kept past trainingReliability tested bi-weeklySampleSize of sampleBetter ability to generalizeWhy does this make a difference?All programs or selected at random, not times.Sample units were program, not days, or networks, etc.ExampleHow Much are Positive and Negative Attitudes Expressed by Cast Members in Currently Aired Educational Television Programs?Definitions of VariablesExpression of attitudes were differentiated by whether the expression was: positive or negative; direct or indirect; physical or auditory; and whether it was directed toward another cast member, a visitor to the show, or the audience. An expression of an attitude was defined as an action or reaction where an entity of the show projects, either physically or auditorily, positive or negative thoughts or feelings toward another entity.Exhibiting positive attitude with direct physical contact is defined as any action where a character in the show comes in physical contact with another cast member, or visiting guest, with accompanied expressions of positive affect (e.g., a hug, arm around other accompanied by a smile). Exhibiting negative attitude with direct physical contact is defined as any action where a character in the show comes in physical contact with another cast member, or visiting guest, with accompanied expressions of negative affect (e.g., punch, shove accompanied by a scowl).Exhibiting positive attitude with direct auditory contact is defined as any action where a character in the show makes a positive comment or auditory gesture toward another cast member, or visiting guest, with accompanied expressions of positive affect (e.g., a statement of “you’re great,” an enthusiastic “yeah, “ accompanied by a smile).Exhibiting positive attitude with indirect auditory contact is defined as any action where a character or other entity in the show makes any positive comment or auditory gesture in reference to another cast member, or visiting guest, with accompanied expressions of positive affect, but the contact between the two entities is not direct. (e.g., applaud by an unknown audience, a “winner” style ringing of the bell, an unknown voice saying “you are great”).Exhibiting negative attitude with indirect auditory contact is defined as any action where a character or other entity in the show makes any negative comment or auditory gesture in reference to another cast member, or visiting guest, with accompanied expressions of negative affect, but the contact between the two entities is not direct. (e.g., “boos” from an audience, an “looser” horn, an unknown voice