Com 132For TodayNewsPowerPoint PresentationStar WarsFinal Thoughts on Violent ContentUSEuropean Television PolicySlide 9Slide 10Slide 11For NTVS,Unit of analysisMeasuresCoding for NTVSSampleSex in the MediaTime/CNN Poll (1998)Cultures, Parents, Social Norms, Global DifferencesClassificationsHow prevalent?Slide 22Becoming more prevalentEmbedded Sexual ContentSlide 25Explicit Sexual ContentZillman & Bryant, 1988Other issuesSlide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Nightline following 2004 SuperbowlMiley CyrusSlide 36Slide 37WomenSlide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Textual AnalysisContent AnalysisQualitative Content AnalysisSlide 49Content Analysis (Quantitative)Slide 51Elements of Content AnalysisMeasures (Categories)Unit of analysis for TelevisionContent Analysis (from Stempel reading)Slide 56Operational DefinitionsSlide 58ProcedureSelection of the unit of analysisSlide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Slide 65ExampleDefinitions of VariablesSlide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72CodingResultsSlide 75Slide 76Slide 77DiscussionSlide 79Com 132Lect 4w -10/21/15For TodayAdminSexual MaterialGenderWGA ReportGender RolesContent AnalysisNewsNetflix account helps Munroe Falls police recover stolen televisionhttp://www.ohio.com/news/break-news/netflix-account-helps-munroe-falls-police-recover-stolen-television-1.634122Star Wars: The Force Awakens smashes tickets sales recordshttp://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/oct/21/star-wars-the-force-awakens-smashes-tickets-sales-recordsStar WarsRace and culture…Thoughts?Final Thoughts on Violent ContentUSS. 616 [109th]: Indecent and Gratuitous and Excessively Violent Programming Control Act of 2005A bill to inform the American public and to protect children from increasing depictions of indecent and gratuitous and excessive violent material on television, and for other purposes.http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s109-616European Television PolicyAvailable for downloadBy Countryhttp://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/reports/television-across-europe-regulation-policy-and-independencehttp://w2.parentstv.org/main/Research/Studies/CableViolence/vstudy_dec2013.pdfFor purposes of this study “violence” was defined as: The intent to harm; destruction of property; accidental violence; or self-harm. The study does not include mild violence such as holding a person to prevent a fight or someone hitting a wall lightly in anger and without damage, etc.Graphic violence was defined in the present study as the depiction of especially vivid, brutal and realistic acts of violence. The distinction between violence and graphic violence was made based upon the presence of the clear and obvious/uncensored depiction of a violent act. In order to qualify for the "graphic" designation, the violence depicted must generally have been of a particularly unmitigated and unshielded nature. In all cases, it was the explicitness of the violence and the injury inflicted which resulted in a scene being labeled "graphic".For NTVS, Definition of violenceViolence is defined as any overt depiction of a credible threat of physical force or the actual use of such force intended to physically hurt an animate being or group of beings.Unit of analysisIncident (PAT)Use PAT to include contextual informationPerpetrator, Act, TargetScene a series of violent actsProgramSome programs might have a lot of violence, yet not with adverse affects (war documentaries).MeasuresType of violenceNature of who, why, punishment, reward, humor, realism, etc.Coding for NTVSReliability of coders55 research assistants60 hours of practice and trainingOnly proficient coders were kept past trainingReliability tested bi-weeklySampleSize of sampleBetter ability to generalizeWhy does this make a difference?All programs or selected at random, not times.Sample units were program, not days, or networks, etc.Sex in the MediaMeet together to discussWhat are the issues?What do you think?Turn in paper with names of your discussion groups.Like violence, why do we care?Time/CNN Poll (1998)Most important source of sex education for teenagers:45% Friends29% Television (11% in 1986)7% Parents3% Sex educationCultures, Parents, Social Norms, Global Differences Consequences of promiscuous sexual activity, MoralityClassificationsSexually explicit vs. Embedded sexual content“pornography” is value-ladenViolent sexual material vs. non-violentNon violent does not preclude: degradation, humiliation, subordination, etc.How prevalent?Kunkel, et al. (1999) found that 56% of network shows contained sexual content 23% contained physical sexual behaviorsSexual encounters:6:1 unmarried to married (Greenberg, 2000)24:1 on soap operas (Lowry, 1989)32:1 in R rated movies with teens (Greenberg, 1993)Nudity4:1 women to men (all R rated teen movies in sample)How prevalent?Greenberg, 1994 estimated that for 1 hour per weekday evening and 2 hours per weekend day:27 sexual acts per week1400 per yearBecoming more prevalent35% increase from 1986 to 1994 in Soap OperasAlso, increase in number of depictions of negative consequences of sex, rejection of sexual advances, rape.Embedded Sexual ContentBryant and Rockwell (1994) found that adolescents who watched heavy doses of prime time television were:Lenient in their judgment of sexual impropriety and how much a victim had been wronged.Less likely to have these judgments when family openly communicated and active critical viewing.Embedded Sexual ContentWard (1995) found:Most common messages were about male sexual roleMen typically view women as objects and value them based on their physical appearance.Grauerholz & King (1997)Found many portrayals of sexual harassment, but none were labeled as such… just as humor.Ward, L. M., & Friedman, K. (2006)People impacted by sexual harassment, believes behaviors correlated with what they viewGreat read here (Ward, 2003):DOI: 10.1016/S0273-2297(03)00013-3Explicit Sexual ContentAfter viewing explicit material over weeks (Zillman & Bryant, 1988)Men and women reported, less satisfaction with appearance, curiosity, performance, and affection.Regarded sex without emotional involvement more importantZillman & Bryant, 1988Placed lesser value on marriage and monogamyLess desire to have