Com 132TodayAssignment #2Content AnalysisViolenceUS statistics (APA, 1993)PowerPoint PresentationSlide 8Slide 9Slide 10StatisticsMedia ViolenceSlide 13How to we demonstrate these issues?Experimental StudiesDo these experiments lack external/ecological validity?Quasi-Experimental and Studies with External ValiditySurvey researchCorrelational or Causal?Additional variables studied:SignificanceSocial SignificanceViolence- What is on TV?What is on television?Additional variables studied: ContextContextual ElementsOPErational DefinitionsSlide 28Slide 29Authenticity of violent programs by genreAmount of Depicted PainViolence portraying harmPunishment for Bad CharactersPatterns of punishment for good charactersNegative ConsequencesViolence and HumorViolence and FearSlide 38Slide 39Com 132Lect4m – 10/19/15Today•Assignment #2•Violence and Sexual Content•Sexual ContentAssignment #2•Did anyone get a chance to go over it?Content Analysis•Categories (definitions)•Sample (shows, commercials)•Units of analysis (show, scene, character, etc.)•Reliability of codingViolenceImportanceMany cultures value non-violenceCommunicate American cultures abroadUS statistics (APA, 1993)•First among developed countries for violent crime•Homicide 2nd leading cause of death for 15 to 24 yr olds. (1st for African Americans)Statistics•CDC Stats–http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/youthviolence/index.htmlBureau of Justice Statistics–http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov–http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/Media Violence1908 “The James Boys in Missouri” film was banned in Theaters.Blumer (1933) survey found that people imitated violence they saw in movies.Werthham (1954) comic booksViolenceThe questionsHow is media violence related to aggression in people (and children)?How does television represent different cultures in violent circumstances?Tolerance for violence culturally constructed?How to we demonstrate these issues?Experimental StudiesBandura (1963)BoboLiebert and Baron (1971)5-9 year oldsViolent tv vs non-violent sportsMore likely to “hurt” than “help”Liebert and Baron (1972)Batman/Superman vs Mr. RogersMore likely to show aggressionDo these experiments lack external/ecological validity?•Can you generalize outside of the research setting?•Longitudinal studies with controls on violence exposure. Impossible and unethical.•Williams (1986) –Studying aggression in Canadian town, coincided with the gain of TV access•Canterwall (1989)–National homicide rate prior to advent of television (3 per 100K) doubled by 1974… while the rate did not increase in South Africa where TV was banned between 1945 and 1974.•Phillips (1979, etc), Cantor et al. (1999)–Relationships between heavily publicized prize fights and suicides to correlate with increases in homicide and suicides, respectively.Quasi-Experimental and Studies with External ValidityHuesmann and Eron (1986) followed participants from age 8 through 30.Those who watched the highest levels of TV violence as children were most likely to be involved in serious crime.Correlation was .31Survey researchHuesmann and Eron (1999) 6 and 8 to 23 years old.Remained significant when early aggression, intellect, social class, etc. were controlled.Used as covariates. Imply causal relationshipCorrelational or Causal?•Gender•Social/Economic Class•Family environment–Co-viewing, mediation•Aggressive predisposition•ContextAdditional variables studied:Statistically significant.1, .3, .5.3 = 9% of the variance of aggressive behavior can be explained from exposure to violent content.Socially significant?SignificanceSocial SignificanceViolence- What is on TV?•Slap Bet•Zombies•SportsContent analysis of what is on.Large scale content analysis performed at UC Santa Barbara by Dale Kunkel and others for the 1996 National Television Violence Study.What is on television?Nature of the perpetratorNature of the targetReason for the violencePresence of weaponsExtent and graphicness of violenceViolence Rewarded or PunishedConsequences of violenceHumor involvedAdditional variables studied: Context•Are the perpetrators or victims attractive or likable?•How much are the people or situations like you or people whom you know?•Is it realistic?•Are they rewarded or punished?•Is there humor involved?•Is there pain involved?•Is it “justified?”Contextual ElementsOPErational Definitions•Definition of violence–Violence is defined as any overt depiction of a credible threat of physical force or the actual use of such force intended to physically hurt an animate being or group of beings.Authenticity of violent programs by genreAmount of Depicted PainViolence portraying harmPunishment for Bad CharactersPatterns of punishment for good charactersNegative ConsequencesViolence and HumorViolence and FearViolencePolicy - Vchip, International