Truths about vaccines and the anti-Vaxxer movementSlide 2The highly deadly smallpox disease has been eradicated from the entire planet!PowerPoint PresentationWhooping cough/pertussisDecline in the US incidence of invasive Haemophilus Influenzae serotype b disease following introduction of Hib PPCVs, 1990–2004Slide 7Slide 8Herd Immunity effect on unvaccinated patients after introduction of pneumococcal vaccineSlide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13MIC301 ADENOVIRIDAE (Adenovirus) Thomas Melendy, Ph.D. [email protected] 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Antiviral agents Mechanism of action of many nucleoside analogsMIC301 PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE (human papillomavirus - HPV) Thomas Melendy, Ph.D. [email protected] 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Schematic of the epidermisPapillomavirus life cycleSlide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47MIC301 POLYOMAVIRIDAE (JC, BK, MCV, SV40) Thomas Melendy, Ph.D. [email protected] 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Truths about vaccines and the anti-Vaxxer movement1. Not all vaccinations produce immunityTrue – many vaccines are over 95% effective, others are less effective (influenza ~60-70% effective in preventing the flu – HOWEVER, among those vaccine recipients who then get the flu, the disease is shortened, and incidence of serious complications are substantially decreased)Truths about vaccines and the anti-Vaxxer movement1. Not all vaccinations produce immunityTrue – some vaccines are over 90% effective, others are less effective (influenza ~60-70% effective in preventing the flu – HOWEVER, among those vaccine recipients who then get the flu, the disease is shortened, and incidence of serious complications are substantially decreased)But all vaccines produce immunity in most vaccine recipientsThe highly deadly smallpox disease has been eradicated from the entire planet!http://www.meandmydoctor.com/2011/10/measles-cases-in-us-at-15-year-high.htmlWhooping cough/pertussishttp://sciencesavvy.wordpress.com/2012/08/21/whooping-cough-is-on-the-rise-why/Decline in the US incidence of invasive Haemophilus Influenzae serotype b disease following introduction of Hib PPCVs, 1990–2004http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116338/Truths about vaccines and the anti-Vaxxer movement1. Not all vaccinations produce immunityTrue – some vaccines are over 90% effective, others are less effective (influenza ~60-70% effective in preventing the flu – HOWEVER, among those vaccine recipients who then get the flu, the disease is shortened, and incidence of serious complications are substantially decreased)But all vaccines produce immunity in most vaccine recipientsTruths about vaccines and the anti-Vaxxer movement2. Why should I vaccinate my child when Herd Immunity is only an unproven hypothesis?2. False – there is clear evidence for Herd Immunity substantially decreasing infection rates in un-vaccinated populationsHerd Immunity effect on unvaccinated patients after introduction of pneumococcal vaccinehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116338/Truths about vaccines and the anti-Vaxxer movement2. Why should I vaccinate my child when Herd Immunity is only an unproven hypothesis?2. False – there is clear evidence for Herd Immunity substantially decreasing infection rates in un-vaccinated populationsWhile the degree of Herd Immunity varies by disease and vaccine, Herd Immunity plays a vital role in preventing disease among populations that cannot receive vaccinations (very young, cancer patients, immuno-compromised).Truths about vaccines and the anti-Vaxxer movement3. There are dangerous toxins in vaccines.3. True, but really False – there are extremely low levels of preservatives in many vaccines (which are toxins); HOWEVER, the levels of these toxins used in vaccines are so extraordinarily low that they are not toxic to humans. Also, most of those “toxins” have been removed from vaccines over the past decade (not due to any danger).The anti-vaccine movement is compromising the health of the entire population, and is based on a collection of mis-information and exaggeration. Anyone who works in science or healthcare should know better than to be swayed by their propaganda.MIC301ADENOVIRIDAE (Adenovirus)Thomas Melendy, [email protected]://www.virology.ws/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/adenovirus.jpgAdenovirusesIcosahedral non-enveloped capsids (70-100nm) with 12 protein fibers with knobs involved in attachment to target cells. 57 serotypes currently known. Causes flu-like, cold-like, symptoms, croup, bronchitis, and sometimes intestinal distress, gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, cystitis, and less commonly, neurological disease. ~30-35 kb linear dsDNA genomes, encodes ~22 to 40 proteins/ORFs Due to resistance to drying (non-enveloped) fairly stable to chemical/physical agents and adverse pH, allowing for prolonged survival outside host. Spread via respiratory droplets, and in some cases via fecal routes.Adenovirus genome depictionAdenovirus genomehttp://journals.cambridge.org/fulltext_content/EPH/EPH85_06/S0958067000021424f003+.gifhttp://www.microbiologybytes.com/virology/3035pics/Adeno1.gifAdenovirusesDiagnosis – antigen detection, PCR, virus isolation and serology. Adenovirus typing is done using inhibition of the hemagglutination assay, or using type-specific antisera or other molecular methodsPossible cause of severe pneumonia cases or pneumonia outbreaks of unknown etiologyTreatment – Prevention – no vaccine generally available. Types 4 and 7 vaccine used on recruits from 1971-1999. Oral vaccine now available for military as of 2011. Use of infection control practices for general contact/droplet infections. Symptoms are generally mild, treated like other cold/flu infections. Immunocompromised patients can be treated with cidofovir.CidofovirAntiviral agentsMechanism of action of many nucleoside analogshttp://s3.media.squarespace.com/production/1407327/16787661/-MV5XbF95JKs/T0e4JAQ1dSI/AAAAAAAAAmg/JIFKziFFQew/s400/277161177_0a810dfcd2.jpgMIC301PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE (human papillomavirus - HPV)Thomas Melendy, [email protected] infect mammals, birds, possibly reptilesIsolated from filtrate of wart tissueInfection of primarily epithelial, but sometimes fibroblast cellsHPV currently over 150 isotypes, ~40-50 are sexually transmitted, about 1/3 to 1/2 of those fall into the category of