1 STI$MISSING/INCOM PLETE$AREAS$ARE$IN$RED$NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM #2 Disclaimer: This is only a study guide—it is not a complete overview of the material that could be on the exam. Some of the answers may not be explicit in the readings or in your notes but are conclusions or connections that you can make based on the material covered in the course. Please note that neither the instructor nor the TAs will answer these study guide questions—these are for you to answer. TERRITORY AND PERSONAL SPACE 1. What is the difference between density and crowding? a. Density is the population of people in a space b. Crowding is how we feel about the number of people in a space 2. What are factors that affect crowding? a. Environmental i. how seats are structured ii. Ex: after Katrina hit, there were large groups of people who had to go to the stadium and had to wait what to do next, dirty, lots of people, always light, no privacy, no separate rooms b. Social i. unwanted, unpleasant contact with people → more crowded c. Personal/individual i. Personality and characteristics ii. Introverted/low self-esteem feel more crowded iii. Extroverts like crowds more iv. Males tend to feel more crowded than females 1. males = feel more crowded (nature/nurture), females stand closer to people d. Goals i. Are my goals being obstructed? ii. More obstructed = more crowded iii. Ex: if you have a house and probably cannot get a house, shopping at the mall - feel more crowded because people are in the way of your achieving your goals iv. more things out of control in environment = more crowded e. The less control you have, the more crowded you feel i. Exceptions 1. concerts, sports games, enjoy being around crowds of people 3. What were the general conclusions drawn about the effect of high density on human beings? a. doesn’t automatically increase stress or antisocial behavior i. classroom density decreases girl’s academic achievement and boy’s behavior b. blame high density for undesirable effects2 i. Book ex: blaming high density for not getting the class we wanted during registration, but really we weren’t prepared, or didn’t have any back-up classes. 4. How do we cope with high density? 1. Spending less time with each input. -ex: having shorter conversations with someone. 2. Disregarding low-priority inputs -ex: ignoring the drunk on the sidewalk 3. Shifting the responsibility for some transactions to others -ex: relieving bus drivers of the responsibility for making change 4. Blocking inputs -ex: using attendants to guard apt buildings 5. What are the 3 types of territory? What are examples of each? a. Primary i. territory that you own, clearly your stuff your body your place ii. Ex: your apartment, your clothes, your children iii. guard these things carefully, actively defend that territory iv. Ex: Sheldon’s spot on the couch in big bang theory b. Secondary i. Territory you clearly don’t own, but you frequent it so much, other people might view it as yours, known as “Tenure” ii. Ex: sit in same seat at coffee shop then they kinda consider it your territory and know you want to sit there iii. Ex: pick a seat in a classroom - let it be your territory iv. Ex: gated communities, community pool, park, have to have an ID to get in v. GROUP ownership, COLLECTIVE vi. Ex: Fraternity houses - co-own the kitchen, people outside the group don’t have access c. Public i. Anyone has access to this space 6. What are the 3 territory encroachments? What are examples of each? a. Violation - short term i. borrowed jacket without asking, book ex: staring at someone while eating, someone talking loudly on the phone, or taking up two subway seats. b. Invasion - long term i. keeping borrowed item for a long time. Book ex: an armed invasion or a wife turning husband’s den into her computer room. c. Contamination - doing something negative to our stuff i. borrowed jacket and stained or ripped it, leaving a dog’s feces out in someone else’s yard. 7. What are 3 ways we defend our territory as discussed in class? How do Knapp and Hall classify territory defenses? What are examples of each? a. preventive (book terms) i. position ourselves to keep others away from our space b. reaction (book terms) i. we react with physiological arousal and it is either:3 ii. labeled positive - we reciprocate behavior iii. labeled negative - we take measures to compensate c. Offensive displays (class) * Things we do in changing our behaviors * The book specifies changes in position, posture, and gesture * Ex: stick your hand out; give me my space, elbows on the armrest airplane * Ex: Seinfeld : when the guy talks to Jerry really close to his face, and instead of backing away, Jerry goes even closer, as a reactive measure to regain his space d. Tenure (class) * Allow them to have that space * Frequenting that space, not use that one e. markers (class) * Putting your name on your parking spot, or on cubicle * Markers are very powerful !*!Ex:!never!moved!the!coat,!2!hours! 8. How does the norm of politeness influence territory defenses? a. It inhibits direct verbal responses. 9. What are the four levels of our “personal bubble” (conversational distance)? a. personal/intimate i. 0-1.5 feet b. close acquaintance i. 1.5-4 feet c. social/professional i. 4-12 feet d. public i. 12+ feet 10. What are the factors that affect personal space preferences? A. sex (F to F stand closer) B. age Curvilinear relationship (really young ages tend to be closer, by the age of 10 you understand social norms) C. culture (contact culture are more comfortable with proximity, non-contact cultures like to maximize the space) D. setting (structure of the furniture, allow you to sit close, noisy you go closer to hear the person) E. topic : ( Students given a negative comment before talking with professor sat farther than if given a neutral or positive comment) F. attitudinal/emotional orientation: People told the confederate was friendly stood closer, and stood closer when told to be friendly themselves. G. personality/physical/relationship characteristics: (have to stand farther from taller people to see face, stigmatized (person with amputated leg) stood farther away. 11. What factors affect seating arrangements? a. Leadership - leaders at head of table b. Dominance -