UNIT 3 Lecture #24 (11/02/15) *EYE GAZE >Terminology -Eye Gaze - 1 person looks at eyes of another person, but it is not reciprocated -Mutual Eye Gaze - both people are look at one another in the eyes (eye contact) >Eye Gaze During Interaction -Gaze about ½ of the time during conversations -more while listening -less while speaking *see if this holds true in your observation assignment >Functions of Gaze -Regulating Communication - opening and closing lines of communication with eye contact -Monitoring Feedback - you can find out how the other person reacts, communicates, etc. -Reflecting Cognitive Activity - -Expressing Emotion - sadness/shame/embarrassment (look downward), guilt (look left/right), flirting (turn head and look from corner of eye - females), thoughtful/introspective (look up) -Communicating Nature of Relationship - relational messages to the person/subject -Intimacy - mutual eye gaze helps develop intimacy -(ex: Big Bang Theory - mutual eye gaze for 4 minutes) -Dominance - used to show/gain power - look at visual dominance ratio (VDR) -(in correctional facility - the inmates cannot look at their officer at all) -(in mediterranean - the unblinking eye wards off evil - “evil eye”) >Visual Dominance Ratio (VDR) -VDR= % of time gazing while speaking / % of time gazing while listening -Person A 50%/50% = 1 -Person B 33%/66% = .5 -The person with the highest VDR is the dominant person >Factors That Affect Eye Gaze -Culture -Sex - females tend to give mutual eye gaze more than males -female to female more than female to male -male to female more than male to male -Topic and Emotions - negative emotions/topics = less eye gaze than positive emotions/topics -Tasks - competitive vs. cooperative - with competitive you have short, frequent gazes to compare yourself, while with cooperative you have longer, more mutual eye gazes to work together Lecture #25 (11/04/15) -Individual/Personality Characteristics -the more open/agreeable/extroverted you are, the more eye gaze you give -we can also infer someone’s personality based on how much eye gaze they give us -less eye contact = cold/immature/insecure/negative things -more eye contact = friendly/self-confident/natural/mature/positive things >Pupil Dilation and Constriction-if our arousal goes up - they dilate more / if our arousal goes down - they minimize -ex: PussInBoots being sweet = big pupils / being mean = small pupils -Hess - on pupils -dilate when we feel positive towards something -constrict when we feel negative towards something (our pupils’ reactions to photos) -not supported -Hensley -differences in judging others based on pupil size (our judgments of others in photos) -bigger pupils - rated as more attractive/friendly/genuine (favorable) -didn’t see difference with religion, outgoingness, etc. -Stass & Willis -had participant interact with confederate with normal pupil size, and bigger pupil size -those with larger pupils rated as more pleasant, trustworthy, easy to talk to (interaction) >Factors that Affect Pupil Size -Lighting -Drugs -depressant = pupils constrict -anti-depressant = pupils dilate -Mental Effort and Interest -aroused = pupil dilate -Physiological Arousal -excited/nervous = pupil dilate *VOCALICS -it isn’t about the content of what you are saying but HOW you are saying it >Classifying Vocalics -Vocalic Qualities -things you can objectively measure about the voice -Pitch (Frequency) - how many times it vibrates within a second - high or low -measure the pitch level (average) -measure the range (lowest note/highest note) -measure the variation (do you go up and down when speaking) or monotone -with questions pitch goes up at the end / statement goes down at end -Resonance - how long the pitch rings in your head/ear -lower voice = more resonance - “booming voice” -higher voice = less resonance -Volume (Intensity) - how intense in volume it is - soft or loud -Rate (Tempo) - how quickly you talk - fast or slow -measure in terms of words per minute -we like talking to someone at the same tempo as us -Rhythm - does it have a good flow - poetic or choppy with hesitations -people that talk fast may trip over their words -MLK “Dream” speech - had good poetic rhythm that made the speech better -Articulation - the degree to which you are clear - forceful or relaxed more mumbled *ex: Marilyn Monroe singing HBD Mr. President to JFK-Pitch - Low for a female -Resonance - Not a lot it would die out -Volume - Soft -Rate - Slow than normally sang -Rhythm - Song so had some rhythm -Articulation - Laxed *ex: James Erwin counting to 10 -Pitch - Low -Resonance - Booming voice -Volume - Loud -Rate - He was slow -Rhythm - Went with upbeats of background song -Articulation - Clear *ex: King of the Hill guy -Pitch - Average -Resonance - Moderate -Volume - Average to Lower -Rate - Fast -Rhythm - Nonexistent -Articulation - Nonexistent *ex: Howard's Mom from Big Bang Theory -Pitch - Low -Resonance - Booming -Volume - Loud -Rate - Average -Rhythm - Nonexistent -Articulation - Forceful -Vocalic Behaviors - don’t have words but communicate something -Specific Vocalic Sounds (Vocal Characterizers) -Crying -Laughing -Groaning -Vocal Segregates (Fillers) -”Um”s and “Ah”s -”Like” - “You know” -”Uh-huh” - “mm-hmm” -Non-Sounds -Silence -Functions: evaluation, reflecting cognitive activity, punctuating/accenting -Pauses and Speech Latency -Pauses - silence within your OWN speech -Speech Latency - the time between people; when someone stops talking and when someone starts talking (the silence within that gap) -Extralinguistic Features - the style of how the person is speaking - need time to determine this-rate, rhythm -duration of speech -dialect and accent Lecture #26 (11/06/15) >Attractive Voice -Qualities -Moderate-high volume -Lower in pitch for males/moderate pitch for females -More resonance -Moderate to fast rate -More articulation -Less monotonous -Less nasality -More fluency >Methods of Judging Voices -Constant Content - if everyone is saying the same thing, then you can judge their vocalics easier bc you focus on the way they are saying it rather than the content -Meaningless Content - have them count to 10, or say their ABCs -Filtering/Splicing -filtering - when the audio