3. Anti-carcinogen or Anti-Promoter: I. Agents that protect against carcinogen or promoterII. Decrease risk of Tumor formation(1.) Dietary Fiber (anti-promoter and anti-carcinogen) Inversely associated with cancer, especially colon cancer  May act as an anti-carcinogen by:a) Hastening Bile Acid Excretion b) Increasing the rate of passage of materials through the colon (resulting in decreased production & exposure of colon to cancer-causing agents. c) Dilute Concentration (2.) Energy (Calories)a) Studies in animals have shown that restricted energy intake reduces tumor growth and increases life span.b) May be due to less oxidation, which can cause damage. (The degree of restriction needed is fairly large [30% less] but it seems to do more than just reduce cancer. (3.) Antioxidantsa) Vitamins A (β-carotene), C, E, Selenium b) Oxidation is a way that DNA & other molecules can be damagedc) Some work locally (like Vitamin E in the colon) d) Others more globally like selenium & Vitamin C (which keep other antioxidants working)e) Vitamin A appears to work by keeping cells differentiated (which decreases growth rate and make them more benign). (4.) Cruciferous Vegetables~Phytochemicals (deep, rich, bright colors)C. Dietary Recommendations for Decreasing Cancer RiskI. High Fiber diet All types should be emphasized Whole food not purified fibersII. Higher intake of fruits and vegetablesIII. Low fat (30% of total Energy intake)IV. Moderate alcohol intakeV. Calorie reduction Obesity : Excessive estrogen and other hormones Total Calorie Restriction : Less oxidative