Class LecturesMegafaunaNew Zealand 1,000 years agoIsland Gigantism and Dwarfism: ExamplesWhat did the California Indians use it for?What is Clear cutting (4 things)United States Department of Agriculture: National Forest ServiceDepartment of the Interior: National Park Service, BLM, US Fish and WildlifeHow have forests changed in the West over the last 100 yearsRoadless Areas # highways in U.S.# logging roads in U.S.Oak WoodlandsGeography 5 Review for Midterm STUDY HARD!!!!!!!! Thanks!Class LecturesDid the Greeks know the earth was round? How three waysBiomeWhere is it? Why is it there?Plant adaptations?Do we have it in California? Conservation Status?Tundra or AlpineBoreal Forest Temperate Deciduous ForestsTemperate GrasslandMediterranean Scrub: WHERE ARE THEY 5 placesTropical Rain ForestTropical Dry ForestTropical SavannaDesert: Hot and Cold Orographic Precipitation, Rain shadowITCZ (Inter Tropical Convergence Zone)Epiphytes LianasHow are plants adapted to the Mediterranean climateHow are Mediterranean plants adapted to fireOrigin of People and YOU Know the order of your ancestors. DNA Adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine AT and CG shortTA-CG-CG-AT-GCEve age (mitochondrial DNA), Adam age (Y Chromosome) Megafauna Paul Martin’s Overkill or Munch Hypothesis: What are 5 Megafauna that used to be in LAMegafauna in OZ: Learn 5 big extinct speciesNew Zealand 1,000 years agoMoa and MauriIsland Gigantism and Dwarfism: Examples1650 ½ billion1820 1 billion1930 2 billion (Grandparents)1975 4 billion 2000 6 billion2011 7 billionThomas Malthus TheoryHow have family planning programs changed to Now (local, women, access based)What happen to Cuba Agriculture after the Soviet Union dissolved?Current Status of Population by Region: Awesome Places, Bad Places Measles & Tuberculosis: CattleFlu: Pigs and ducksHIV/AID: MonkeyPHV/Venereal warts: Statistical Fact: 30 to 50% in US, Urban area 80%Herpes (20%) and Syphilis (less then 1%): HIV/AIDS 1 in 300 people USAgricultureWhere from, How grown, Ecological ImpactSpices (Cloves)Potato (Solanum tuberosum)Sugar (Saccharum officinarum)Cacao (Theobroma cacao) “The food of the Gods” Aztec name.Tea (Camellia sinensis)Coffee (Coffea arabica)OrganicShade CoffeeRubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis)Bananas (Musa spp.)Orange (Citrus sp.) ApplesKiwi (China)Watermelon (Africa)Cerals Maize (Zea mays)Wheat (Triticum)Rice (Oryza sativa)Pineapple (Ananas cosmsus)Orange (Citrus sp.) where from?Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum)Coco (Erthroxylum coca)Coca is first in calories, protein, carbohydrates, fiberRich in calcium, phosphorous, iron, vitamin A and E How do you make a zombie? Number 1 cash Crop in CaliforniaExports from California: Big Five Crops in Cali: Genetically Modified Food: Franken Food: Good things about it?What is Ethnobotany?What did the California Indians use it for?BE ABLE TO Match the use to the name!Oaks (Quercus sp.)USE: Acorns were the primary food source for a number of California Indians. Acorns were collected, leached with water in stream and basket to remove tannins (Wine) then heated with rocks for mush. Elderberry (Sambucus sp.)USE: One of the richest sources of vitamin C! Stems used for arrow shaft and flutes. Raw berry can cause nausea, but dried or cooked are OK.Laurel Sumac (Rhus sp.)USE: Indians would use the leave as mosquito repellent. Lemonade Berry (Rhus intergrifolia) has berries that are soaked and hairs removed to make pink lemonade.Yucca, Our Lords Candle (Yucca sp.)USE: The leaves are very strong and used for water proof baskets. The leaves were used as a needle and thread to make clothes and homes. The root is used for soap. Cactus (Opuntia sp.)USE: The red fruits are edible but watch for very small spines. The green leaf can be cooked and eaten and is still commonly done in LA.Willow (Salix sp.)USE: The leave of willow is what they make asprin from and the Indians would chew them for toothaches. California Buckeye.USE: The seeds were ground to a fine dust and put in the stream to catch fish. California Coastal Sage (Artemesia californica)USE: Burned for ceremonial reasons. Temperate Forest Policy in the US1891 Forest Reserve Act1960 Multiple Use and Sustained Use Act: Five things1964 Wilderness Act What is Clear cutting (4 things)Problems with clear cutting (4 things)United States Department of Agriculture: National Forest ServiceDepartment of the Interior: National Park Service, BLM, US Fish and WildlifeLand ownership %Private, Non-profit 55Native America 3State and Local 7Federal 351.3 Billion dollar lost a year in the 80’sHow do these groups protect forest: Nature Conservancy, Sierra Club, Earth First/ ELFRedwood : Tallest Tree. Today 96%cut: 4% left. 2% private, 2% federal or stateSequoias: Largest TreeAncient Bristle Cone Pine: Oldest Tree (4,800 years) How have forests changed in the West over the last 100 yearsRoadless Areas # highways in U.S.# logging roads in U.S.Fire Policy, Problems, ChoicesWhy are urban trees good and badMillion Trees LA What is it? Three things that define old growth forest. What is going on with Forests in Canada, Oregon, California, and Sumatra? Based on LandsatTropical Vegetation TypesWhy Tropical Forest lost over the last 50 years? Subsistence AgricultureCommercial AgricultureForest Fires in the TropicsFuel Wood Living fencesTimberMahogany in South AmericaForest Fragmentation: Selective Extinction, Species area relationship, Non-native invasionsBiodiversity Hotspots: What, Where, Why Interesting? Watch: World’s Most Endangered Forest on You Tube and answer the belowWhat is the world most endangered forest? Why is New Caledonia interesting in a botanical sense?What is the crested iguana of Fiji and why is it important?What is interesting about Native Fijian and Indo-Fijians?How do you reconstruct vegetation from Hawaii?What can be done to reforest the world’s most endangered forest?% of trees on Endangered Species list from worlds most endangered forest?Grassland History:Evolved Ecocene 37 mil. (new school) radiation of mammals herbivoresWhat are native California grasses and grasslands like? What are non-native grasses and grasslands like?BuffaloOld Megafauna that survived: 1800 68 million (Herd 25 miles, ) 1870-1875 2.5 million buffalo killed annually, 1883 the last large herd containing about 10,000 buffalo was slaughtered.1890, less than 1000 buffalo remained in the U.S. Today 200,000 exist in public and private herds in the U.S. and Canada. Vernal PoolsHistoric