Exam #1 Study GuideChapter 1You should be comfortable defining and describing orientation of anatomical structures according to the following sets of contrasts:• Medial – towards midline of bodyLateral – away from midline of body• Superior – aboveInferior – below • Superficial – external Deep – internal • Ipsilateral – same sideContralateral – opposite side• Anterior – frontPosterior – back • Proximal – closeDistal – far You should be comfortable defining, describing, and labeling the following anatomical planes:• Transverse – separates into upper and lower• Coronal – separates into front and back (dorsal and ventral)• Sagittal (including mid-sagittal) – divided into right and left; EQUAL right and left (mid-sagittal)You should be comfortable defining “system” as it relates to anatomy and physiology, and be able to describe how speech production requires the coordination of multiple systems.System – group of organs with functional unitySpeech production requires coordination of respiration system and phonation system to producespeechYou should be able to define anatomy and physiology, including explaining the difference between these two terms.Anatomy – study of body structures and relationshipsPhysiology – study of body structures’ functionsYou should know what standard anatomical position is.Standard anatomical position – stand erect, facing forward, palms facing upward, feet slightly apart, head and toes pointing forward, arms at sidesYou should be able to define the “supine” position and know how it is different from standard anatomical position.Supine – on back, face upChapters 2 and 3You should feel comfortable relating Boyle’s law to respiration, focusing on the how negative and positive changes in pressure are related to inspiration and expiration.Chest and lungs expand creating negative pressure; air flows in to equalize pressure (inhalation); contraction ofchest and lungs creates positive pressure; air flows out (exhalation)The skeletal superstructure consists of 5 major components. You should be able to name these components and know their general location.24 vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 abdominal)Sternum (breastbone)12 ribsPectoral girdlePelvic girdleWhat is the role of the skeletal superstructure for respiration in general?Skeletal superstructure helps to protect respiration system organs and allow for expansion of musclesWhat is the role of respiration in speech production?Vocal productions/loudness depends on air pressure applied to vocal foldsYou should be able to state the components of the pulmonary apparatus and its role in respiration.Pulmonary apparatus – airways (bronchi, alveoli, trachea), lungs, chest wall (rib cage, diaphragm, abdominal wall, abdominal content)Contains and exchanges airKnow how the lungs are connected to the rib cage and diaphragm and how that connection influences their joint movement.Visceral pleura – connect to surface of lungsParietal pleura – connect to surface of ribsMuscles help rib cage expand and contract when other muscles are contracting and expanding during respirationYou should be able to compare and contrast passive versus active forces in respiration.Passive force – general pressure for breathing; size and magnitude determined by breathing apparatusActive force – what we can control; magnitude of force determined by amount of air in breathing apparatus and direction determined by muscle activationFor the following muscles, you should know their names, role in respiration (inhalation vs. exhalation), andbe familiar with their general location (specific location would be optimal).• External intercostalsSuperficial to internal intercostalsRun down to sternumInhalation• Internal intercostalsDeep to external intercostalsRun away from sternumInterchondral portion (inhalation)Interosseus portion (exhalation)• Transverse thoracisDeep to external intercostalsLow fibers run horizontal, intermediate run diagonal (oblique)Exhalation • Latissimus dorsiOn side of bodyExpands rib cage – inhalation • Rectus abdominisProminent“6-pack”Exhalation• External obliqueWhere rectus abdominis endsFibers run diagonallyExhalation• Internal obliqueDeep to external obliqueExhalation• Transverse abdominisMost deepFibers run horizontallyExhalation• DiaphragmInhalationParachute-like in lookHow is speech breathing different from breathing without speaking?More air inhaledControl more voluntary and consciousExhalation slower and takes up more of respiratory cycleWhat is a spirometer? What information does it provide?Measures lung capacityAllows us to identify any abnormalities in breathing patternThe volume of the respiratory system is often broken into four constituent components. Name them and state what they measure.Tidal volume – volume of air for tidal breathing/exchanged in one cycle of respirationResidual volume – volume of air remaining after maximum forced exhalationInspiratory reserve volume – volume of air that can be inhaled after tidal inspirationExpiratory reserve volume – volume of air that can be exhaled following passive/tidal expirationLung volumes are summed to form four different lung capacities. Name them and state what they measure.Total lung capacity – sum of 4 lung volumes; provides picture of lung health Vital capacity – expiratory, inspiratory and tidal volumesInspiratory capacity – amount that can be inhaled (tidal + inspiratory reserve)Functional reserve capacity – expiratory reserve volume/amount of air in lungs and airways at end of normal quietexhalationWhich lung capacity is most important for speech production?Vital capacityHow do we coordinate respiration for breathing with respiration for speaking?Control of active forces help maintain constant pressureRib cage and abdominal forces move in parallelEfficiencyState some changes across the life-span that are TYPICAL of the aging process, from infants through geriatrics.Breath groups start from larger lung volumes (efficiency issue)Breath groups encompass more of vital capacityBreath groups expend more air per syllableLeaky larynx – air leaks out during respiration cycleNon-speech expirations in children; don’t know how to control speaking and breathing when youngerChapters 4 and 5What is the biological function of the larynx? What is its role in speech production?Provides anatomical basis for phonation and keeps “bad stuff” outPrevents