Chapter 04Differences in Culture True / False Questions 1. Society refers to a group of people whose values and norms differ from each other. True False 2. Values provide the context within which a society’s norms are established and justified. True False 3. Rituals and symbols are the most visible manifestations of a culture and constitute the outward expression of deeper values. True False 4. There is a strict one-to-one correspondence between a society and a nation-state. True False 5. In general, Western societies tend to emphasize the primacy of the individual. True False 6. The emphasis on individualism results in a low degree of managerial mobility between companies. True False 7. The emphasis on individualism may make it difficult to build teams within an organization to perform collective tasks. True False 8. The emphasis on individualism has led to the widespread diffusion of self-managing work teams within Japanese organizations. True False 4-1© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distributionin any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.9. The primacy of the value of group identification encourages managers and workers tomove from company to company. True False 10. Strong identification with the group tends to create pressures for mutual self-help andcollective action. True False 11. Individuals become a member of the social category to which their parents belong. True False 12. The least rigid system of social stratification is a caste system. True False 13. A caste system is a closed system of stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born. True False 14. In a class system, individuals born into a class at the bottom of the social hierarchy can work their way up. True False 15. Although upward social mobility was possible in Britain, it could not normally be achieved in one generation. True False 16. Class membership in the United States is determined to a much greater degree by individual background and schooling, as opposed to economic achievements. True False 17. In American society, the high degree of social mobility and the extreme emphasis on individualism have resulted in the emergence of class consciousness. True False 18. It is easier for companies based in countries with a high degree of class consciousness to establish a competitive advantage in the global economy. True False 4-2© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distributionin any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.19. Confucianism and Confucian ethics influence behavior and shape culture in parts of Asia, hence it is correct to characterize Confucianism as a religion. True False 20. Buddhism has the highest number of adherents in the world today. True False 21. According to Max Weber, Protestant ethics discouraged the development of capitalism. True False 22. Max Weber argued that the Catholic promise of salvation in the next world, rather than this world fostered "a spirit of capitalism." True False 23. Like Christianity and Judaism, Islam is a monotheistic religion. True False 24. Islam is not just a religion; it is also the source of law, a guide to statecraft, and an arbiter of social behavior. True False 25. Under the Islamic banking method of mudarabah, when an Islamic bank lends moneyto a business, rather than charging that business interest on the loan, it takes a sharein the profits that are derived from the investment. True False 26. The murabaha contract is the most widely used among the world’s Islamic banks, primarily because it is the easiest to implement. True False 27. Max Weber argued that the ascetic principles embedded in Hinduism encourage the kind of entrepreneurial activity in pursuit of wealth creation that we find in Protestantism. True False 28. The concept of mobility between castes within an individual’s lifetime makes no sense to traditional Hindus. True False 4-3© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distributionin any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.29. Buddhism was founded in China. True False 30. Buddhism supports the caste system. True False 31. Confucianism is not concerned with the supernatural and has little to say about the concept of a supreme being or an afterlife. True False 32. Language is one of the defining characteristics of a culture. True False 33. The use of a grading system in schools teaches children the value of personal achievement and competition. True False 34. According to Geert Hofstede, high power distance cultures were found in societies that tried to play down inequalities of power and wealth as much as possible. True False 35. People who cannot take food or safety for granted tend to have authoritarian tendencies, and believe that men make better political leaders than women. True False 36. According to the World Values Survey, as countries get richer, a shift occurs away from “traditional values” linked to religion, family, and country, and toward “secular rational” values. True False Multiple Choice Questions 4-4© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distributionin any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.37. _____ means an understanding of how cultural differences across and within nations can affect the way business is practiced. A. Ethnocentrism B. Cross-cultural literacy C. Pan-culture integration D. Cultural lag E. Cultural capitalism 38. When Shop Smart opened its first super market in China it was unable to generate any sales. After conducting a research, it was understood that the local sales personnel found it difficult to communicate with the American store managers. In addition, Chinese consumers found it