PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Slide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Slide 82Slide 83Slide 84Slide 85Slide 86Slide 87Slide 88Slide 89Slide 90Slide 91Slide 92Slide 93Slide 94Slide 95Slide 96Slide 97Slide 98Slide 99Slide 100Slide 101Slide 102Slide 103Slide 104Slide 105Slide 106Slide 107Slide 1081Chapter 3RDF and RDF SchemaGrigoris AntoniouFrank van HarmelenEdited by Jeff Partyka2Lecture Outline1. Basic Ideas of RDF 2. RDF Serializations3. Basic Concepts of RDF Schema4. Τhe Language of RDF Schema5. Direct Semantics based on Inference RulesChapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer3Drawbacks of XMLXML is a universal metalanguage for defining markupIt provides a uniform framework for interchange of data and metadata between applicationsHowever, XML does not provide any means of talking about the semantics (meaning) of dataE.g., there is no intended meaning associated with the nesting of tags–It is up to each application to interpret the nesting.Chapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer4Nesting of Tags in XML David Billington is a lecturer of Discrete Maths<course name="Discrete Maths"><lecturer>David Billington</lecturer></course><lecturer name="David Billington"><teaches>Discrete Maths</teaches></lecturer>Opposite nesting, same information!Chapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer5Basic Ideas of RDFBasic building block: object-attribute-value triple–It is called a statement or a triple–Sentence about Billington is such a statement RDF has been given a syntax in XML–RDF/XML is the official syntax for representing RDF–Other syntactic representations of RDF possibleChapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer6Basic Ideas of RDF (2)The fundamental concepts of RDF are:–resources–properties–statementsChapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer7ResourcesWe can think of a resource as an object, a “thing” we want to talk about–E.g. authors, books, publishers, places, people, hotelsEvery resource has a URI, a Universal Resource Identifier A URI can be –a URL (Web address) or –some other kind of unique identifier –IRI: URI that supports UnicodeChapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer8PropertiesProperties are a special kind of resourcesThey describe relations between resources–E.g. “written by”, “age”, “title”, etc. Properties are also identified by URIs Advantages of using URIs:–Α global, worldwide, unique naming scheme–Reduces the homonym problem of distributed data representationChapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer9StatementsStatements assert the properties of resourcesA statement is an object-attribute-value triple–It consists of a resource, a property, and a valueValues can be resources or literals –Literals are atomic values (strings)Examples of RDF Triples(http://www.cit.gu.edu.au#db, http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.cit.gu.edu.au #lecturer)(http://www.cit.gu.edu.au#DBillington,http://www.example.com/predicates#hasName“David Billington”)Chapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer11Three Views of a StatementA tripleA part of a graphA piece of XML codeThus an RDF document can be viewed as:A set of triplesA graph An XML documentChapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer12Statements as Triples(http://www.cit.gu.edu.au#db, http://www.mydomain.org#site-owner, #David Billington)The triple (x,P,y) can be considered as a logical formula P(x,y)–Binary predicate P relates object x to object y –RDF offers only binary predicates (properties)–“The uncle problem”Chapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer13XML VocabulariesA directed graph with labeled nodes and arcs–from the resource (the subject of the statement) –to the value (the object of the statement)Known in AI as a semantic netThe value of a statement may be a resource–Ιt may be linked to other resourcesChapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer14A Set of Triples as a Semantic Nethttp://www.uni.edu/David_BillingtonSharing and Interchange with XMLWith XML, it was possible to represent the same semantics in multiple ways. It was not expressive enough on its own.A schema was necessary to structure the semantics embedded in the documentThe order of the tags is tied to the semantics of the documentHowever, many schemas might be possible for a given XML documentXML documents have a tree structureSharing and Interchange with RDFWith RDF, a separate schema definition to describe structure is not necessaryThis is because RDF triples can be described as a graphAny order of triple specification will result in the same graphThis makes it possible to combine arbitrary RDF graphs without caring about the order of combinationChapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer17Statements in XML SyntaxGraphs are a powerful tool for human understanding butThe Semantic Web vision requires machine-accessible and machine-processable representationsRDF can also be expressed as an XML document in RDF/XML formChapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer18Data TypesData types are used in programming languages to allow interpretationIn RDF, typed literals are used, if necessary(#David Billington,http://www.mydomain.org/age,“27”^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer)Chapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer19Data Types (2)^^-notation indicates the type of a literal In practice, the most widely used data typing scheme will be the one by XML Schema –But the use of any externally defined data typing scheme is allowed in RDF documentsXML Schema predefines a large range of data types–E.g. Booleans, integers, floating-point numbers, times, dates, etc.Chapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer20Binary PredicatesRDF uses only binary properties–This is a restriction because often we use predicates with more than 2 arguments–But binary predicates can simulate theseExample: referee(X,Y,Z) –X is the referee in a chess game between players Y and ZChapter 3 A Semantic Web Primer21Binary Predicates (2)We introduce:–a new