Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Cellular respirationThe equations of life: primary metabolismPhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O + light energy  CH20 + O2Photosynthesis and respiration reactions are the reverse of each other Photosynthesis converts kinetic energy (sunlight) into potential energy (carbohydrates) Respiration converts potential energy (carbohydrates) into kinetic energy (ATP hydrolysis)RespirationCO2 + H2O + ATP  CH20 + O2Equations of LifeRespiration generates carbon precursors for primary & secondary metabolite biosynthesisCarbohydratesProteinsNucleic acidsLipidsHormonesCalvin cycleRespirationGlycolysis and cellular respiration: overviewGlycolysis –break down of glucose (6C) into 2 pyruvates (3C) occurs in the cytosolKrebs cycle –energy from pyruvate converted to NADH, FADH2 and ATP occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; site of CO2 evolutionElectron transport chain –energy from NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP occurs on the mitochondrial cristae (membrane infolds)GlycolysisGlycolysisGlucose  2 pyruvates Cost: 2 ATP Net yield: 2 ATP, 2 NADH per glucose moleculeAt this point most of the potential energy is still contained in the pyruvate moleculesATP synthesis through substrate-level phosphorylationKreb’s cycle Pyruvate  Oxaloacetate Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is driven by several enzymes Pyruvate is oxidized completely to CO2 (source of cellular CO2 evolution) Most of the energy transferred to electron carriers: Yield: 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2 CO2 production -3 molecules of CO2 each turn of the cycleClimate change research: metabolic profilingFumurateICDHJRGCE- study in which we are doing metabolic profiling to understand how plants are responding to climate change (elevated CO2, warming, increased rain, N deposition).Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylationNADH and FADH2 + O2  ATP (Yield: 32 ATP per glucose molecule) Electron transport chain with reducing power from NADH & FADH2 creates a proton gradient; ATP generated by ATPase using proton motive forceOxygen consumed and metabolic water producedEnergy yield from respirationGlucose yields 36 molecules of ATP through cellular respiration glucose  36 ATP -40% of energy is conservedEnergy transfer from the light reaction to respirationEnergy transfer occurs through redox reactions (gain and loss of electrons) Blue font = energy transferH2O  electron transport chain  ATP, NADPH,  NADPH, ATP  G3P (glucose)Light reactions Calvin cyclePhotosynthesisCellular respirationH+O2NADP+H+(e-)(e-)ADPPPMFGlycolysisGlucose  ATP, NADH, pyruvate  ATP, NADH, FADH2  electron transport  ATPKreb’s cycle Electron transport chainADPPPMF(e-)C-C-CNADP+H+C-C-C(e-)NAD+H+FADH+NAD+, FADH+(e-)H+H+H+O2(e-)H2OCO2CO2Plants can use carbohydrates, fats or proteins as fuel to synthesize ATPAnaerobic conditionsIn the absence of oxygen the Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain do not function Fermentation pathway allows NAD+ regeneration so that ATP can be produced through glycolysisHeat produced through cellular respirationExergonic reactions produce heatAlternative oxidase –cranking up the heatAlternative oxidaseHeate-(T) Describe the processes and pathways that convert glucose into ATP? What are the products of the three major pathways involved in cellular respiraiton?Chapter 11: Homework questionsApart from ATP synthesis what are three other important byproducts of the reactions of cellular