Chapter oneDescribe how plants transport molecules within and between cellsDraw a cross section of a plant leafChapter 3Chapter 4Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9End of Lecture JournalChapter oneDescribe how plants transport molecules within and between cells Plants are able to transport molecules between cells via the plasmodesmata. This can be thought of as an intercellular highway that transports ions, proteins, and RNA between cells. Within a plant cell transportation is dependent primarily on the packaging and sorting that takes place in the Golgi apparatus. From the Golgi things are sent to the cell membrane, other organelles, or wherever else they are needed within the cell.Draw a cross section of a plant leafStomata - regulation of gas exchange and water lossCholoroplast - light receptorEpidermis - physical protection of leaf C2What are the three classes of biochemical components (see slide 1) involved inplant biochemistry and explain the role of each in cell function?Enzymes (proteins), Organic Components (components), DNA(T) Describe the components and reactions that drive organic synthesis in plants; whatis the purpose of organic synthesis and explain why it is a useful strategy under changingenvironmental conditions.Describe the difference between primary and secondary metabolites. Namethree major primary plant metabolites, name their monomer subunit andexplain their function.Primary: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids - necessary for plant functionSecondary: Phenolic, alkaloids. - defensive compoundsDescribe kinetic and potential energy in the context of endergonic & exergonic reactions;explain a redox reaction using the combustion of methane as an example;since you can’t use a flame in a cell explain how biological organisms initiatechemical reactions?Potential energy is the amount of energy that could potentially be made from the making or breaking of bonds.Kinetic energy is the energy that comes from the making or breaking of bonds.Chapter 3Explain why water is the major limitation to plant growth on earth, then definetranspiration and explain why it is so fundamental to plant functionBecause water is used in the transportation of solutes, and is vital to cell expansion, and biochemical functions.Transpiration is the loss of water from the leaves, this loss pulls more water through the plants and is involved in Photosynthesis.Define cohesion and adhesion and explain how cohesion aids in watertransport through soils and in plants? Describe the pathways by which watermoves from the soil into the vascular tissue (xylem) in preparation fortransport up the stem.Cohesion - binding of water to other water molecules.Adhesion - is the waters adhering to other surfaces.This is like a chain that is being pulled through the plant.Define osmotic and pressure potential and explain how the water potentialequation predicts water movement in and out of cells. Define osmosis andexplain why water always moves in the directions of higher soluteconcentrationOsmotic potential is the interaction of water vs concentration of solutes through a semipermeable membraneYou were recently hired by a biotech company to develop a variety of wheatthat can grow in saline soils that have developed in degraded agriculturalsoils. Using knowledge you gained in your college plant physiology class,explain how you would engineer that plant to survive in saline soil conditions.I would engineer a plant to have a high solute concentration in its cells to better compete for the water in the saline soil.Chapter 4ABA regulated K+channel determines on which side of the guard cell membrane, K+accumulates. Water then moves in the direction of high K+ (solute potential) resulting in swelling or shrinking of guard cell; vertically oriented cellulose fibers prevent inner expansion of swelling guard cells which causes them to bow opening the stomataChapter 7A product of the light reaction is ATP, which is the fuel plants use to drive cellularfunction. Give two reasons why plants transfer the energy stored in ATP during thelight reactions into carbohydrates rather than using it for energy directly.Better for the plantsfitnessSave it for when it is needed.Write the “equations of life” and identify the sources of reactants in both equations.What evidence do we have that the amount of CO2 consumed by plants is not inbalance with the amount produced by respiration as proposed in “Larry’s diatribe”?CO2 + water + light → organic carbon + O2organic carbon + O2 → CO2 + waterExplain in detail (using the concepts in slides 12 & 13) how light energy is convertedinto chemical energy in the light reactions of photosynthesis.tHROUGH THE Z SCHEME AND CALVIN CYCLEDescribe the quenching pathways plant use to dissipate excess light; what isphotoinhibition and oxidative stress and what environmental conditions promote it?Low light environmentsChapter 8Describe the signals and stromal changes that activate the Calvin cycle in themorning.Light via ferredoxin-thioredoxin signaling.Rubisco activase - ATP activated, opens catalytic siteH+ - pH in stroma increases from 7 to 8CO2 activator - indicates CO2 is available (stomates open)Mg2+ - Mg2+ moved out of thylakoids and into stromaWhat are the three phases of the Calvin cycle and what is the primary purpose ofeach phase?Carbon Fixation - CO2 fixed to RuBP by Rubisco → 6C product is unstable and results in the formation of two 3C - PGA moleculesReduction - Energy from ATP transferred to G3P (90% effective)Regeneration - five G3P → Processed and linked to form 3 RuBP’sGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is the product of the Calvin CycleDefine photorespiration and outline a hypothesis that would explain why Rubiscohas retained its oxygenase activity.Incase CO2 levels go away, failsafe?Explain the C4 and CAM photosynthesis strategy and explain why they areadaptive in dry climates.C4 - concentration of CO2 in the cellCAM - temporal separation of CO2 and O2.Chapter 9(T) Which five environmental factors have the strongest and most consistentinfluence on photosynthesis? Explain mechanistically how each of these factorsaffects photosynthesis.Light, CO2, Temperature, Water availability, Rubisco ContentDraw a typical light and CO2 response curve, explain the key features of each,and describe what they tell us about photosynthesis. Be sure and include adiscussion of the concept of light and CO2 compensation points.Too much light can damage leaves but not enough will limit