GEOG 104 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Geography a word derived from the Greek words for Earth description is an ancient discipline that examines the spatial attributes of the Earth s surface and how they differ from one place to another Spatial Analysis a method of analyzing data that specifically includes information about the location of places and their defining characteristics Process naturally occurring series of events or reactions that can be measured and that result in predictable outcomes Systems Theory examination of interactions involving energy inputs and outputs that result in predictable outcomes Wavelength Distance between adjacent wave crests or wave troughs Wave Amplitude overall height of any given wave as measured from the wave trough to the wave crest Electromagnetic Spectrum radiant energy produced by the sun that is measured in progressive wavelengths High Pressure System Anticyclones rotating column of air that descends towards the surface of Earth where it diverges Low Pressure System Cyclones rotating column of air where air converges at the surface and subsequently lifts Pressure Gradient Force difference in barometric pressure that exists between adjacent zones of low and high pressure that results in airflow Coriolis Force force created by the Earth s rotation that causes winds to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere Geostrophic Winds airflow that moves parallel to isobars because of the combined effect of the pressure gradient force and Coriolis force Northerlies Westerlies Easterlies These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Southerlies Valley Breeze upslope airflow that develops when mountain slopes heat up due to re radiation and conduction over the course of the day Mountain Breeze downslope airflow that develops when mountain slopes cool off at night and relatively low pressure exists in valleys Downwelling Current current that sinks to great depths within the ocean because water temperature drops and salinity increases Upwelling Current current that ascends to the surface of the ocean because water temperature increases and salinity decreases Local Winds Day Return Flow Sea Breeze Night Return Flow Land Breeze Magma Water mixes always moving Igneous Sedimentary SOIL FORMING FACTORS CLORPT CLimate Organisms Relief Parent Materials Time Climate humid semi arid arid Organisms bioturbation mixing of soil by plants animals leave behind traces in the soil Relief how it is drained Parent Material Residual soil forms from parent materials in place when rock weathers Transport0 glaciers glacial wind eolian loess water fluvial humans anthropogenic Soil profile vertical exposure Soil Horizons distinct layers Mass Wasting Examples Landslides does not behave like a fluid Slumps rotation mass of material moving water to lubricate it Debris Slides material slides downhill gravity little water ex Earthquakes Flows does behave like a fluid Earthflows saturated with water regular soil Mudflows lots of water high rainfall clay holds onto water Debris flows lots of water high angle of repose moves as fluid downhill Other Rock Fall weathering no longer smooth surface vertical falls to ground can be large rocks gravity Soil Creep ex Fence posts leaning downhill happens very slowly by only force of gravity Solifluction areas of permafrost carries soil downhill flows and creeps Rock Weathering Physical Weathering Frost wedging freezing causing cracks Salt crystal growth haloclasty series of holes Exfoliation intrusive igneous rocks popping apart due to release of pressure Chemical Weathering Oxidation rust Fe2O3 Hydrolysis rounds rocks off acceptable to erosion strong to weak mineral Dissolution carbonation Biological Weathering Biomechanical tree growing in rock sidewalk with cracks Biochemical breaks down minerals acid causes to grow things on rock Ice Cap a covering of ice over a large area especially on the polar region of a planet Tidewater Glacier glacier that descends to the sea and usually breaks off into icebergs Piedmont Glacier formed by convergence of the ends of valley glaciers at the base of mountains Abrasion the process of scraping or wearing away Cirque a half open steep sided hollow at the head of a valley or on a mountainside formed by glacial erosion Ar te a sharp mountain ridge Horn hard permanent outgrowth often curved and pointed Tarn Mountain Lake or pool formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier Paternoster Lakes form due to differential glacial erosion of more and less resistant bedrock layers one of a series of glacial lakes connected by a single stream or a braided stream system U Shaped Valley formed through glacial erosion processes of plucking and abrasion results in large rocky material Trim Lines having lines edges or forms of neat and pleasing simplicity Hanging Valley tributary valley entering a main valley at a much higher level Fjords long narrow deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs typically formed by submergence of a glaciated valley Sandur sediment deposited by streams flowing away from a letting glacier Terminal Moraines end moraine that forms at the snout of a glacier marking its maximum advance Recessional Moraines small ridges left as a glacier pauses during its retreat left by a glacier during a temporary halt in the retreat of the ice Medial Moraines ridge of moraine that runs down the center of a valley floor forms when two glaciers meet and the debris on the edge Kettles shallow sediment filled body of water formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters