LS-MCRB 121 1st Edition Final Study GuideChapter 4: - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cellso Shapes and morphology differenceso Motilityo Cell wall versus outer membraneo Gram stainso OrganellesChapter 5: Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions- Know terms- Collision Theory- Enzyme components- Enzyme Classification- Enzyme inhibitorso Competitive versus Noncompetitive inhibition versus Feedback inhibition- Oxidation-reduction reactions- Substrate-level phosphorylation- Carbohydrate Catabolism- Glycolysiso Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathwayo Alternatives Pentose Phosphate pathway Entner-Doudoroff pathway- Cellular Respirationo Krebs cycleo Electron Transport Chaino Respiration Anaerobic versus aerobic- Fermentationo Alcohol fermentationo Lactic acid fermentation Homolactic versus heterolactic- Metabolic Diversity among Organismso Photoautotropho Photoheterotropho Cehmoautotropho Chemoheterotroph- Amphibolic pathwaysChapter 6- Biosafety levelso BSL-1o BSL-2o BSL-3o BSL-4- Environmental Factors Affect Microbial Growth- Requirements for microbial growtho Physical and Chemical- pH tolerance- Effects of osmotic pressure- Aerotolerance- Toxic oxygeno Singlet oxygeno Superoxide free radicalso Peroxide aniono Hydroxyl radical- Organic Growth Factors- Culture Mediao Culture mediumo Sterileo Inoculumo Cultureo Chemically definedo Complex mediao Reducing mediao Capnophileso Selective mediao Differential- Preserving Bacterial Cultureso Deep freezingo Lyophilization- Reproduction in Prokaryoteso Binary fissiono Buddingo Conidiosporeso Fragmentation of filaments- Measuring Microbial Growtho Direct methods Plate counts Filtration MPN Direct microscopic counto Indirect methods Turbidity Metabolic activity Dry weightChapter 7: Microbial Control- Terminologyo Sepsiso Asepsiso Sterilizationo Disinfectiono Degermingo Sanitizationo Biocide/germicideo Bacteriostasis- Actions of Microbial Control Agentso Alteration of membrane permeabilityo Damage to proteinso Damage to nucleic acidso Heat Thermal death point Thermal death time Moist heat- Autoclave Steam sterilization Pasteurization Dry heat sterilization Filtrationo Physical methods Low temperature High pressure Desiccation Osmotic pressure RadiationChapter 8: Microbial Genetics- Terminologyo Geneticso Geneo Chromosomeo Genomeo Genotypeo Phenotype- DNA structure- Semiconservative Replication- DNA synthesis- Transcription: Gene expression- Translation- The Genetic Codeo Gene regulationo Constitutive geneso Repressible geneso Inducible geneso Catabolite repression- Induction- Repression- Mutation- Ames test- Genetic Recombination- Bacterial Conjugation- Plasmidso Conjugative plasmido Dissimilation plasmidso R factors- TransposonsChapter 9: Biotechnology- Biotechnology- Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology- Vectoro Shuttle vectors- Clone- Methods of Bioengineeringo Selectiono Mutation- Restriction Enzymes- Inserting Foreign DNA into Cellso Electroporationo Transformationo Virus infectiono Gene guno Microinjectiono Protoplast fusion- Obtaining DNAo Genomic DNAo Complimentary DNAo Synthetic DNAo Genomic libraries- Making a producto Saccharomyces cerevisiaeo Plant cells and whole plantso Mammalian cells- Therapeutic Applicationso Human enzymeso Subunit vaccineso Gene therapyo Gene silencing- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- Human Genome ProjectChapter 10: Taxonomy- Three Domain System- Phylogenetics- Classification of Prokaryotes- Classification of Eukaryoteso Animaliao Plantaeo Fungio Protista- Classification of Viruses- Identification Methodso Morphologyo Differential stainingo Biochemical tests- Rapid Identification Methodso Enterotubeo Serologyo ELISAo Western Bloto Phage typingo Flow CytometryChapter 12: Fungi and Protozoa- Mycology- Molds- Yeastso Fissiono Budding- Fungal reproductiono Asexualo Sexualo Sexual spores- Economic effects of fungi- Fungal diseaseso Systemic mycoseso Subcutaneous mycoseso Cutaneous mycoseso Superficial mycoseso Opportunistic mycoses- Characteristics of Protozoao Archaezoao Microsporao Amoebozoao Apicomplexao Cryptosporidium- Helminthso Parasitic wormsChapter 14: Pathology, Infection, and Disease- Normal microbiotao Oral and Upper respiratory tracto Nose and nasopharynxo Moutho Lower respiratory tracto Eye and External Earo Stomacho Small intestineo Large intestineo GI tracto Urinary and reproductive systems- Classifying infectious diseases- Occurrence of a disease- Severity or Duration of a Disease- Predisposing factors of a disease- Koch’s postulates- Reservoirs of infection- Transmission of Disease- Emerging infectious diseases- Epidemiology- Microbial interactionso Symbiosiso Commensalismo Mutualismo Parasitism- Opportunistic pathogens- Acne VulgarisChapter 15: Mechanisms of Pathogenicity- Pathogenicity- Virulence- Chain of Infection- Infectious process- How microbes enter a host- Portals of entry- Pathogenicity islands- Adherence- Capsules- Cell wall componentso M proteino Opa proteino Mycolic acid- Enzymes- Production of Toxins- Superantigens- Pathogenic Propertieso Protozoao Helminthso Algae- Host susceptibility- Portals of ExitChapter 16: Concept of Immunity- Innate immunity- Acquired immunity- Concept of immunityo Physical factorso Chemical factors- First and Second line of Defense- Inflammatory responseo Process of inflammation- Fever- Effects of Complement Activationo Complement System Classic pathway Alternative pathway Lectin pathway- InterferonsChapter 17: Adaptive Immune System- Adaptive immunityo Dual nature- Humoral immunity- Cellular immunity- Nature of antigens- Nature of antibodieso Immunoglobulins- Activation of B cells- Clonal selection- Clonal deletion- Antigen-Antibody bindingo Agglutinationo Opsonizationo Complement fixationo Antibody-dependent cell-mediated immunityo Neutralization- T cells and cellular immunityo T helper cellso T cytotoxic cellso T regulatory cells- Antigen-presenting cells- Natural killer cells- Antibody-dependenct cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)- Cytokines- Immunological Memory- Types of adaptive immunityo Naturally acquired activeo Naturally acquired passiveo Artificially acquired activeo Artificially acquired passiveChapters 21, 22, 23, 24, 25Skin: Characteristics of Bacterial Skin PathogensPathogen GroupShape Gram (+/-) Toxins Capsule Misc.Staphylococcus Cocci + TSST-1 Yes Coagulase +/-CapsulesStreptococcus Cocci + Hemolysins, Streptolysins,Hyaluronidase,Streptokinases,Exotoxin
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