Final Exam Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 15From discussion on Gender, Sex, and Relationships :1) Gender and Performativity:- To say something is performative, is to say that it produces a series of effects- we walk, talk, etc in ways that consolidate being a specific gender. To say that gender is performative is to say that no one reallyis a gender from a start. Gender is rather culturally formed as is a domain of our agency of freedom. 2) Judith Butler- An American philosopher and gender theorist that coined the term gender performativity. The answer to the above topic is from her words and ideas. 3) Anita Sarkessian- She is a feminist that is known for her video series Tropes Vs Women in Video Games and is the founder of Feminist Frequency. 4) Objectification- This is when someone reduces another to something else such as a commodity or object without regarding their personality or dignity. Broadly, objectification does not always involve 5) What is the main point of Anita Sarkeesian’s video series, Damsel in Distress?- The main point of Anita Sarkeesian’s video series was to illustrate the ways that, primarily in the video game industry, women are portrayedas helpless and defenseless and in dire need of a man to save them. She does not believe that these patterns in video games cause a “monkey see, monkey do” effect, but they do cause individuals to slowly become insensitive to such matters. 6) Why might it be important to think about sexting as a kind of media production?- Agger commonly refers to sexting as making private things public. Therefore, sexting is a kind of social media production because now individuals are sharing too much about themselves that it has become a kind of social media production. Also, regular sexting for that matter is also an act of making something that should be private Esoc 150 1st Editionpublic. This is new for the world of social media in terms of it becoming increasingly more popular and common among individuals involved in social media. 7) Facebook and decontextualized information- how can these be difficult for relationships?- Decontextualized information is referring to the amount and kind of posts that individuals post on social media sites. Such posts are usually removed from the actual context of social media sites and contain information that is really irrelevant, such as what someone ate for dinner or their dog napping, etc. These posts are examples of being oversharing, or sharing too much, to the point of useless information that is really only posted with the motive of getting otherindividuals to pay attention to them. People tend to look for validation from others through such posts, and with this it causing individuals to be more self absorbed and withdrawn from their real life relationships while they put majority of their energy into their online relationships. From discussion of Online Collaboration:1) Romantic conception of authorship- It emphasizes the genius of individuals and their ability to create unique work with a real voice. In other words, you understand and feel the struggle of the author that it took to create the final piece. Lanier believes that this is all lost through collaborative works such ason Wikipedia. 2) Proprietary model- This model describes the ownership of something, such as pieces of work, technology, etc, exclusively by one person, or one company in attempt to careful guard the knowledge or any details of what it is from others. It does NOT encourage creators or producers to freely share their work and therefore by being tightly controlled, it cuts of vital communication. 3) Author as a moderator- This is the idea that rather the author holding the position of being incomplete control of the changes made to his creation, he is merely a moderator while multiple other people change and alter the piece. This is a view that Jaron Lanier does not support.4) What’s the significance of the alchemy vs. chemistry analogy?- The significance of this analogy is to compare the use of encyclopedias and other websites like Wikipedia in order to provide information. Alchemy is the old form of chemistry, which can be compared to the system of encyclopedias, where information was notshared and very private from one person to another. On the other hand, modern day chemistry, much like Wikipedia, is open and allowsfor one person to collaborate and share their ideas with another to further analyze and grow on the information being shared. Chemistry, or Wikipedia, has allowed for the to be transparency, allowing everyone to be on the same page and contribute their thoughts, rather than it being a secret. 5) Why does Lanier use the term Maoism? What trends is he pointing to? What does he think is lost?- I believe that Lanier’s main concern is not with Wikipedia itself, but that individuals who spend more time on the Internet are the ones that are creating the information that are represented on websites such as Wikipedia. Also, that it has been regarded to such importance and so fast, Lanier finds this to be concerning. Also, he believes that through Wikipedia we have lost personality in writing and the real creation of pieces of work because according to him, accuracy is not enough. Also, Jaron Lanier objects the aggregation of Wikipedia as means of a way to properly filter out and discover content while being able to verify it’s quality. 6) What are the criteria for collaboration as described in “What is collaboration anyway?” - Questions of Intention- Questions of Goals- Questions of (Self-)Governance- Questions of Coordination Mechanisms- Questions of Property- Questions of Knowledge Transfer- Questions of Identity- Questions of ScaleFrom discussion of Trolling :1) Define Internet Trolls- Internet trolls are individuals that get pleasure and enjoyment out of causing frustration and agitation from individuals on the Internet, usually social media sites. They do it purely for amusement because they believe that people tend to “take things too seriously” and want to mess with them because they believe that not everything should be taken so seriously. It is important to note that a troll is NOT anyone that is aggressive and rude on the Internet because they havemore of a motivation besides to harass someone. 2) What is phreaking?- People used to make sounds on phones/landlines that would change the way that the phone routers worked so individuals could